The Benefits of Healthy Lifestyle

THE BENEFITS OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLE Health is a pattern of individual practices and personal behavioral choices that are related to reduce health risk. Chasing a healthy lifestyle is becoming the hot issue among the citizens nowadays. Why citizens so care about a healthy lifestyle? This is because there are too many benefits of having healthy lifestyle and these benefits are becoming more apparent. First benefit is, it can ensure a good mental health. Mental health depends upon health lifestyle choices.We will experience a good mental health when we are founding a balance in our social, emotional and psychological areas of life. In this case, social contact is playing an important role. When we have a good mental health, we are in a place of peace and it will enhance our life quality. So, it is vital to foster a healthy lifestyle. Also, strength is another benefit. With a healthy lifestyle, we have strength to train to help build the muscle that supports the bones and joints, therefore decreasing the risk of falls and fractures.Our bones will begin to lose mass and strength results of ageing. It is essential for us to develop a healthy lifestyle by doing weight-bearing exercise like walking to prevent osteoporosis. Last but not least, no one wants to overweight. Thus, this is the most common reason that people want a healthy lifestyle. Living by having a healthy lifestyle is the best way to lose weight. The healthy lifestyle choices like stopping smoking, reducing alcohol intake and eating well-balanced diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will help to maintain a healthy weight.The weight within normal limits can also significantly reduce the risk of heart disease and improve overall health and well-being. For people of all ages, weights, and abilities, the benefits of a healthy lifestyle are endless. However, the lifestyle is influenced by our own attitude. If we are yearning for a healthy lifestyle, then we must being proactive in our health and thus, cre ating a healthy lifestyle to guarantee our future life.

Gsh sushi hasn’t died

That's a good Joke to tell everyone go get me yester fluffs kudzu,s. Ask rest Skyjacked fisherman's, numskull fizz FYI edge edge had chef chef edge study astigmatisms. Strange. Haverford TU. Fondue bed wrong waywardness. Rush cute. Pants shorts toilet paper basketball homework basket baseball football bob Hal got it dude paper pencil underwear algebra 11 Puritans-the people who took the greatest interest In the work of the scientists, especially in England.John Wilkins- a Puritan clergyman, led in the formation of the philosophical college, which met regularly in London to conduct experiments and discuss scientific theories. The Royal Society-the first permanent scientific society of the modern age. The French Academy of science was founded in Paris in 1666. It was supported largely by Hugeness. Blaine Pascal-a brilliant French mathematician and philosopher. In the 20th century, the American Jewish physicist Albert Einstein, discovered new principles of order and reality which dramat ically Increased our understanding of ravine.Lintels Is especially remembered for stating the theories of relativity. Circulation of the blood in the human body. Harvey's work was crucial to the advance of medical science; for, as the Bible proclaimed more than 2000 years before Christ, the life of the flesh is in the blood. The error that was destined to affect the thought of great masses of people by the dawn of the 20th century and to detour many scientists from their true work was Charles Darning's theory of evolution.Without ability in mathematics, Darwin lacked the chief tool of the great scientists. Darwin took with him a copy of principles of geology by Charles Lye, who is regarded as the father of modern geology. From this book Darwin learned Lye's false principle of uniformity, the Idea that the present Is the key to the past, that we can only explain what happened In the past on the basis of observations that we can make in the present.The great founders of modern science believe just the opposite: that the past-God's account of the creation-is the key to the present. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his book The Origin of Species, n which he rejected the biblical record of creation and propose that â€Å"probably all the organic being which has ever lived on the Earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed. Everyone go get me yester fluffs kudzu.Ask rest Skyjacked fisherman's, numskull fizz FYI edge edge had chef chef edge study JtssgJdsfhbmc. Strange. Haverford TU. Fondue bed wrong waywardness. Rush cute. Pants shorts toilet paper basketball homework basket baseball football bob hi got it dude paper pencil underwear algebra 11 Puritans-the people who took the greatest interest in the work reminisces of order and reality which dramatically increased our understanding of gravity.Einstein is especially remembered for stating the theories of relativity. Andrea Vesuvius-the father of anatomy. In 1616, William Harvey described the circulation of the blood in the human body. Harvey's work was crucial to the advance book Darwin learned Lye's false principle of uniformity, the idea that the present is the key to the past, that we can only explain what happened in the past on the basis science believe Just the opposite: that the past-God's account of the creation-is the

Book Review: Trashing the Planet by Dixy Lee Ray Essay

In Trashing the Planet, Dixy Lee Ray marshals the evidence of knowledge to perforate the fragile hot air balloons of the global warming, ozone reduction, and acid rain theorists. With scientific facts and sound philosophy she also demolished the nonsensical arguments behind the hysterical crusades against pesticides, alar, dioxin, PCBs, radon, asbestos, and nuclear power. Few of us have escaped the green propaganda onslaught unscathed; virtually everyone has been victimized with needless worries over alleged dangers lurking in the most common and benign substances in our homes, workplaces, and neighborhoods. Few of us have the academic background, the access to the scientific data, and the time to investigate the validity of the continuous outpouring of environmental doomsday scenarios. Ray covers a wide range of environmental topics, including acid rain, the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, pesticides, etc. She attempts to use available scientific data to â€Å"clarify environmental issues, to separate facts from factoids, to unmask the doom-crying opponents of all progress, and to re-establish a sense of reason and balance with respect to the environment and modern technology.† (Merline, 14) In the course of this exercise, several interesting facts are presented, among them (Merline, 2001): The amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth has decreased since 1974, contrary to what one would expect if the earth’s protective ozone layer (which filters out most of the sun’s ultraviolet rays) has been depleted from the use of chlorofluorocarbons.    Several known carcinogens, such as arsenic, cadmium, and chromium, are found naturally in human cells. As Ray argues, â€Å"it is the dose–the size or amount of exposure [to carcinogens]–that is important.† (Lee Ray, pg. 58) In addition, 11% of the radiation we are exposed to comes from our own bodies. A total of 82% of our exposure to radiation comes from natural sources, including radon, cosmic rays, elements in the earth, etc. The remaining 18% comes from man-made sources such as medical X-rays (11%), nuclear medicine (4%), consumer products (3%). All other sources, including nuclear power, account for less than 1% of our exposure to radiation. (Lee Ray, 1991)    Concerning radon gas, Ray notes that energy conservation as urged by the U.S. government will approximately double the number of cancer deaths due to exposure to radon gas, because â€Å"sealing up a home for the purpose of energy conservation inevitably leads to higher levels of indoor radon.† (Lee Ray, pg. 69) Yet despite this, no warnings have been issued about the dangers of this form of energy conservation. In fact, as Ray points out, â€Å"our government has actively promoted energy-efficient homes with everything from do-it-yourself literature to tax breaks for insulating your home.† (Lee Ray, pg. 78) Ray’s three assertions-that ozone would be produced in the lower atmosphere regardless of human activity, that it is produced by the interaction of sunlight and hydrocarbons, and that those hydrocarbons are largely produced by plants-are, respectively, a technical truth hiding a falsehood, a sloppily garbled half-truth, and a bit of these two mixed with an outright lie. Specifically, sea-level ozone is formed when sunlight splits nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. The atomic oxygen reacts with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Now it is technically true that, in nature, oxides of nitrogen are produced by certain bacteria, forest fires, and lightning, so that a small amount of sea-level ozone would indeed be produced in the absence of human activity. However, the main source of oxides of nitrogen in southern California is combustion: nitrogen combining with oxygen at high temperatures. So whether it’s from gas water, heaters and ovens, coal-fired power plants, or automobiles, most of the nitrogen dioxide in the air-and, thus, most of the sea-level ozone-is directly produced by human beings. (Lee Ray, 1991) As for Ray’s second claim, hydrocarbons contribute to increasing the level of ozone in smog by a very indirect route. Ozone in the lower atmosphere often reacts with water to form hydroxyl radicals. These hydroxyl radicals will either react with impurities in the air to break them down or react at night with nitrogen dioxide to form nitric acid, which is either washed out of the atmosphere by rain or broken down by sunlight the next day into hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, and atomic oxygen (Merline, 2001). In L.A. smog, the soupy mix of unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons reacts with hydroxyl radicals and oxygen to form organic peroxides. These, in turn, react with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide. By generating even more nitrogen dioxide than was produced by combustion, these peroxides contribute more of the source material that sunlight will turn into ozone (Lee Ray, 1991). Thus, the ozone level goes up when hydrocarbons are added to the soup, but ozone is not created by a simple interaction between sunlight and hydrocarbons, as Dr. Ray asserted. As for Ray’s third claim-that hydrocarbons come from trees-here she was particularly devious. Her characterization of hydrocarbons as those wonderful things that you smell coming off pine trees is technically correct to the degree that the terpenes, which are indeed given off by trees, are a family of hydrocarbons. (One of these terpenes is pinene, which gives pine trees their pleasant smell; terpenes also react with oxygen and ozone to form a bluish haze in forested areas.) However, hydrocarbons comprise a huge family of compounds, encompassing everything from methane (natural gas) to such plastics as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene (Styrofoam) (Lee Ray, 1991). Just as the hydrocarbons in smog are not from Styrofoam, neither are they from trees; they are, in fact, unburned gasoline vapors-compounds such as ethane and ethylene. Moreover, pinene reacts with ozone to form pinol, which combines with water to form a hydrate that has a melting point higher than the boiling point of water. (Merline, 2001) As for my assertion to the thoughts developed by Dixy Ray that acid rain releases plant nutrients and is thus beneficial to forests, this is a sterling example of twisting the truth. The acidity of rain does, indeed, break down silicates and oxides, converting them to clay and sandy soils, and releasing ions of such beneficial metallic elements as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and manganese in the process. However, when the rain is too acidic, it not only burns the leaves of trees but can also release aluminum ions, which are toxic to fish, into rivers and lakes. Much of the concern voiced by environmentalists stems from a belief that technological advances are fouling our nest. The author takes pains to point out that technology often improves our environment, making it safer and cleaner for humans to live in. One example is with food irradiation. Deemed harmless by several heath groups, including the World Health Organization, irradiation helps to eliminate microorganisms that can cause food spoilage. Despite the obvious benefits to consumers from low spoilage rates, many consumer groups have fought irradiation for health reasons. References Lee Ray, Dixy (with Lou Guzzo). 1991. Trashing the Planet: How Science Can Help Us Deal With Acid Rain, Depletion of the Ozone Layer, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things). Regnery Gateway. Retrieved on October 6, 2006. Merline, J.W. 2001. Trashing the planet. Consumers’ Research Magazine. Retrieved on October 6, 2006.

Marketing Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Marketing Strategies - Assignment Example However, by the year 2006, Bervet Beer Company had managed to establish itself among the most popular beer companies operating in the African region (Smit, 2009). Company Introduction The beer company’s main headquarters are found to be primarily based in Lusaka, Zambia where they are hosted in a large firm. The firm has grown to establish a myriad of structures and facilities in various regions around the world. Bervet Beer Company has managed to set up operations in about seven different countries that are seen to mainly be concentrated in the northwest. The Bervet Company currently owns three manufacturing facilities and an estimated more than twenty five different sales locations. Bervet Beer Company is widely considered to be the largest beer company operating in the northwest region of Africa. The company’s product offering is seen to include a wide range of various beer brands and services that help make it more attractive to the customers. The range of alcoholic drinks that are offered by the company are seen to include a number of beers, low content alcohol beer, wines as well as non-sugar beers. In addition to this, the company offers these drinks in a number of different sizes and packaging. The different sizes include disposable bottles, tins, litter returnable bottles as well as plastic bottles. Some of the more popularly known brands offered by the company include Kiboko, Kegi and Chura. Bervet Beer Company has managed to establish a number of programs and foundations that help it provide assistant in a number of beneficial services to the community. One of these services is seen to include the teaming up of the company with an NGO company called LGC with the aim of providing various health services to the community. Bervet Beer Company is also keen to engage in a number of various corporate initiatives that help to empower both women and girls across the entire African region by providing them with sufficient economic support. Berve t Beer Company also helps provide water and various sanitation services to different people across Africa who might not be in a position that enables them to access the critical sanitation services and water. To further its overall growth agenda, Bervet Beer Company is planning on targeting the European market. The company’s European market segment is seen to include various players such as the private sector, retailers, individual customers, the government as well as wholesalers. One of key strategies that will be employed by Bervet Beer Company to target customers in the European market will be for the company to have specific lines Europe. The company predicts that it will manage to achieve relatively very high sales figures due to the quality and large variety of beer product offering that is made by the company. Another key marketing strategy that will be employed by the company is that the company hopes to open more outlets as well as reduce the price of its beer in the European region. In its marketing strategy, Bervet is currently targeting lodges, bars and big restaurants as possible outlets for its products. Bervet Beer Company’s market plan is seen to aim to ensure that the company provides the best pricing, quantity and quality to its customers. If this plan is successfully executed, it will not only befit the

Managing Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Organisational Change - Essay Example The benefits that the company was tagged to get from its customer value creation program were the fact that customers would have the opportunity to see the company deliver on their needs and so have an established morale to continue doing business with the company. The challenge with this model was found to be the need to upgrade the company’s human resource base to welcome the change at hand since the customer relationship management was going to be technology driven and all stakeholders needed to match up to this. On revenue creation, revenue management was identified as the most ideal strategy. This was found beneficial because it could help in raising immediate capital for the company especially during holiday season when tourism activities were higher. Revenue management was to involve the hiking of prices for specific services delivered to specific people within a specific timeframe. The challenge associated with this has to be the inconvenience of existing customers to adjust to this new management culture. Lastly, the company was admonished to go into merger as a long term strategy for its expansion model. By merger, a company in the tourism industry was to be identified and joined with the existing coaches company. Change is an integral part of our daily lives. In fact, it is will difficult to imagine life without change. Such need for change is professed in all human institutions and organizations. Once there is change in the systems and structures of running an organization, we say organizational change has taken place (McCarthy, 2001). But the fact that change is inevitable and necessary does not mean that change should just happen. Experts advise that organizational change â€Å"should be seen as a discrete and specialized work stream† (Wallace, 2007). This means that organizational change is not as crucial as the management of it – thus

Immigration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Immigration Law - Essay Example The effectiveness of these three key features of the 2009 Act depends on politics and in some cases implementation. It is only along these lines that these three features will have an impact on present or future life in the UK. Border Control Part I of BCIA 2009 deals with the control of the UK’s borders (Border, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, Part I). The simplification for travellers to Britain including returning residents follows from the government’s intention to provide for a â€Å"unified border force† under the auspices of the UK Border Agency (Millington and Williams 2010, p. 597). Essentially, the unified border force enables immigration officers to also assume the role of customs officers. This means that a single agency is responsible for detecting and detecting exploitation of immigration and customs laws at the UK’s ports of entry (Vine 2010, p. 3). For this present transfer of border checks to a single agency means that daily travelle rs will be spared having to report to two separate check points upon entering the UK. Traditionally, travellers had to present themselves to both immigration and customs officers in order to be cleared for entry. ... Moreover, the UK Border Agency works together with Law Enforcement and within the framework of the UK Counter Terrorism Strategy for the purpose of detecting and preventing entrants to the UK who may cause harm to the UK or its citizens (Grimwood 2009, p. 3). This degree of border security comes with a political climate where border security has grown in importance since the 11 September 2001 terror attacks in the US. This is evidenced by the tightened border security enlisted by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 and the Borders Act 2007. Both act enhanced the authority for the control of immigration. Section 21 of the 2009 Act permits the exchange of information between the UK Border Agency and other government agencies (Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, Section 21). The degree to which the UK Border Agency is permitted to share and exchange intelligence and information on travellers with law enforcement and other agencies at home and abroad, opens up the pos sibility that returning residents and foreigners will be vulnerable to intense scrutiny and invasion of privacy. Contacts at home and abroad may also come under intense scrutiny and be subjected to invasion of privacy should a traveller or returning resident with whom they are connected come under investigation or suspicion by the UK Border Agency or one of its partners. There is also a risk of discrimination and racial profiling as political and public concerns over the threat of terrorism persist (Vine 2010, p. 3). Together with the transfer to the Border Agency of the intrusive strip, search and entry powers previously granted to customs (Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, Section 26), the risk of invasion of privacy and

EH 1010-08H ENGLISH COMPOSITION I (EH1010-08H) Essay

EH 1010-08H ENGLISH COMPOSITION I (EH1010-08H) - Essay Example It should be noted that not only the patient or the victim of smoke is at a loss from his body deprivation point of view but also his chances of suffering an injury instantaneously are quite viable. As debated before, many kinds of ailments might creep up with the passage of time circumscribing diseases such as cancer, lung-related problems and throat malignancies to name a few. [Jacobson, 1997] Peer smoking has been found out as one of the mainstays in keeping up to the smoking habit. People who are discouraged to smoke find solace when they see their near and dear ones doing the same, thus allowing themselves just about any rationale to follow upon and continue with the smoking loom. Certain discussions have also been concluded on the fact that parents generally do not have any idea on how to combat smoking so that their wards can keep off this habit from themselves. [Chase, 1995] They (parents) find certain ways in which their young ones do not readily catch up on the already present bandwagon of adopting a cigarette to relieve their tensions and thus allowing just about every harmful drug into their body with

Foundation of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Foundation of Criminal Law - Essay Example It is interesting to note that in this case, the Fraud Act of 2006 was not the statute used. The prosecutors used the Theft Act of 1968 instead. The crime in this case arose from dishonestly appropriating â€Å"property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it.†1 Lord Hanningfield tried to defend himself on the grounds that the appropriation or his claims of expenditures were within the law, clearly trying to dispute the â€Å"dishonestly† element of theft as a crime. In Section 2 (1)(a), it was stated that a person’s appropriation is not regarded as dishonest â€Å"if he appropriates the property in the belief that he has in law the right to deprive the other of it, on behalf of himself or of a third person.†2 The defense also fall within Section 2 (1)(c), wherein there was consent to appropriate the property as the peer spends the money thinking that county would have consented him to appropriate it in the way that he has done, especially that many of his peers also do the same. However, the conditions or elements required by the law were deemed sufficient for the offense and this is not surprising. Lord Hanningfield dishonestly appropriated the â€Å"property†, which is, in this case, the money belonging to the Essex County Council, which he represents. There was dishonesty involved according to the standards set by the law because there was a clear and willful misappropriation for personal gain. The averaging out of expenditure was a weak argument in light of several evidences that showed false accounting. The dishonest appropriation occurred when he knowingly and repeatedly deprived his county of its property, which according to Section 4, property includes money. Article 2: Overvaluation Fraud Mary-Jane Rathie, a senior surveyor was accused of five cases of fraud for allegedly overvaluing properties for a certain Joanne Pier, who, for her part, used the dishonestly inflated valuati ons to secure mortgages from the Bank of Scotland. Five properties were involved, with most of them allegedly valued twice as much as their actual worth. The prosecution cited that out of the ?10 million of loans that Ms. Pier was able to secure, ?9.5 million relied on Rathie’s valuations. The claim was that Mrs. Rathie overvalued Pier’s properties in exchange for gifts such as cars and money. The prosecutors cited the cars Bentley-Continental and Range Rover as well as a total of ?900,000 in cheques and money transfers as evidences for the fraud. The report did not cite the specific type of fraud that Rathie was accused of. It is clear, however, that the case being heard was that of fraud by representation as stated in Section 2 of the Fraud Act of 2006. In Section 2 of the statute, the main element of fraud by false representation is dishonesty committed by false representation in order to gain something for oneself. The perpetrator provides false representation by p roviding untrue or misleading information in order to make a gain. The testimonies of independent surveyor in regard to the severely inflated amount of properties valued were central to the prosecution’s case for dishonesty. This is further supported by the string of gifts made to Mrs. Rathie within the period by which the valuations and Ms. Pier’s loan were made. Based on the summary of the case, as reported in the article, the elements of fraud under the false representat

Discrimination Against Prisoners with Learning Disabilities Essay

Discrimination Against Prisoners with Learning Disabilities - Essay Example An inexplicably huge population of prisoners has mental disabilities; the World Health Organisation (WHO) reports that a large number of prisoners in Europe have some kind of mental disorder, specifically learning disability. A current study conducted in New South Wales, Australia reported that 80% of the total prisoner population have a mental disorder. In the United States, more than half of the prisoner population are under medication for psychotic problems and major depression. Studies in the United Kingdom have reported a comparable situation. As reported by a current Prison Reform Trust study, prisoners with learning disabilities experience discrimination and other human rights violence. Among people with mental disorders those with learning disorders are still among the most discriminated and mistreated members of the society. According to the United Nations Special Rapporteur, â€Å"... [t]heir neglect is reflected in society at large, among the health professionals, and in the human rights community† (Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 2012, p. 105). This discrimination and neglect are even more severe in the prison environment in numerous countries. Current studies in several countries have revealed the huge population of prisoners suffering from learning disabilities and the severely insufficient attention given to their mental health care needs.   Some individuals with learning disabilities are at risk of criminal behaviour and are, thus, predisposed to have dealings with the criminal justice system.

Peppercorn Dining Entering and Contracting Assignment

Peppercorn Dining Entering and Contracting - Assignment Example Drew affirmed his objective, which was to augment productivity, as well as to improve self-esteem amongst the employees (Cumming & Worley, 2009). Additionally, Erica had earlier worked at Peppercorn eating dinner, so she by now have affiliations with the workers, know the organization language, as well as have a number of insights concerning cause of several of its predicaments. For that reason, the Square one consultants saved a lot of time in making out the organization’s mores, informal applications, as well as power sources. However, the consultants for a short time elucidated their services, along with the manner in which they would primarily begin with an initial surveillance of operations, collecting some data prior to giving management feedback. The official contracting process needed the consultants to suggest a purpose, expenditure estimate, along with a project schedule. The contract enclosed the partners’ payment and the periods and dates the partners would be toiling on the project, however, failed to point out how they would gather the data, evaluate the data, anticipated timeline of concluding the project, as well as how the feedback would be communicated to management, along with the human resources. Data Collection Value of the information collected, is an important element of the organization development process. The main methods of gathering data utilized within Peppercorn eating dinner were chiefly interviews, along with observations. Interview is the mainly widely utilized technique for gathering data in organization development. It allows the consultant to inquire from the employees by asking direct queries, to gain personal views and sentiment concerning the Peppercorn, and looking at any new-fangled issues that come out during the meeting. Interviews are constructive for untangling multifaceted topics since the interviewer has the aptitude to probe profoundly into a reaction presented by an individual being interviewed. Int erviews also generate a higher answer rate (Pasmore, Woodman & Shani, 2010). However, the main disadvantage of interview dialogues is the quantity of time needed to conduct, as well as analyze them. In addition, the Interviewer might be prejudiced and pose closed ended questions. This will make it hard when collecting the data as it will not be extensive and expounded as required by interviews. The observation method was utilized because it offers direct right to use the societal phenomena under deliberation. It has the capacity to take assorted forms, from unofficial, as well as unstructured approaches via tightly controlled, standardized courses of action and can give way to associated various kinds of data, in cooperation qualitative, as well as quantitative. Observation can efficiently complement supplementary approaches in this case interviews and thus improve the evidence quality presented to the examiner. Data Analysis After the data has been gathered, it will be scrutinized, edited, coded, as well as evaluated. This will be attained by linking the data that will be gathered to the evaluation objectives. Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel software will be employed to sort the data gathered from observation, as well as interview in order to make out patterns, along with instituting relationships. Data gathered from the interview and observation will initially be illustrated within a table to make sure that rates of recurrence of the answers, along with data from observation has the capacity to be accounted for (Rothwell et al., 2009). Afterward, the Microsoft Excel s

Strategic Partnering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Partnering - Essay Example The growth pattern for construction industry in the United Kingdom has been volatile and unpredictable. Between 1998 and 2005 quarterly results showed the industry on a jagged course rising and plunging narrowly and even tumultuously on a few occasion. Overall, the graph shows a slow upward curve amidst the patchy quarterly movements. See figures 1 & 2 below: The progress in construction of commercial building structures shows better output than that of constructions for private/public use. Growth has been perceptibly significant in Wales and Scotland. (RIC Construction Market Survey) The tremendous growth in communication and information technologies has had cascading effects on every industry and job profile. It would be nave to assume that construction industry in the UK or elsewhere could remain immune from the effects of globalization and the electronic systems. The changes have been fast enough to catch even the most seasoned veteran unprepared for the inputs necessary to address modern needs. At the moment, the United Kingdom construction industry is facing challenges from three quarters: total system revamp including taxation policy, shifting to the LSF system, and competition from Asian giants like China, India, and Korea. (Hellerman Tyton) Of late there have been spates of news reports of estate agents taking over or partnering existing house-owners in prime locations, especially beaches, for redevelopment and residents are happy at the encouraging prospects of investing on resorts with potential for handsome returns. The economics of redevelopment and reaping rich dividends in the bargain are quite tantalizing. In some parts of the United Kingdom land is scarce and it makes good sense to redevelop properties in such locations in accordance with planning regulations with an eye on fruitful returns on investments. Fiscally, the construction cost is within the means of someone earning average income with a little help from banks and other non-banking finance companies. Redevelopment scheme with prospects for income generation is currently a global phenomenon with potential for tie up with large tourist corporations. (UK coastal towns 'under development') In the present times when mergers and acquisitions are the order of the day in top business circles, the concepts of partnerships, alliances and joint ventures are crucial to maintain market presence and ensure survival. The partnerships may be in the form of two or more individuals or firms coming together each with its own areas and functions of expertise and inputs playing complementary roles. For instance, the partnership of construction and finance industries help the client in financing his construction project without anxiety about financial requirements. The alliance of construction firms and software companies augment construction know-how with computer aided technologies useful for planning and designing purposes. Partnership of construction industry with both finance and computer companies offer services and benefits resulting in fantastic economy of time and costs. (Navigant Consulting) Last but not the least, the concept of tie up between construction indu

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay In Langston Hughes’ essay â€Å"Salvation,† the author recounts how his failure to â€Å"see† Jesus and be outwardly saved results in a deeper, more stirring revelation: that only he and not Jesus can save his soul. Although Hughes devotes much of his essay to parodying the salvation experiences and apparent hypocrisy of other church members, and he tells us that the church building is stuffy, uncomfortable, hot and boring, he abruptly changes his tone at the end. When he describes how he cried in bed from guilt at having lied about his salvation, the reader realizes that Hughes has indeed undergone a powerful spiritual awakening: he has been saved from his own hypocrisy. Hughes starts off his essay using apparent irony by saying he â€Å"was saved from sin when [he] was going on thirteen. But not really saved. † (Hughes 351). This leads us to believe that he is cynical about Christianity, and we should not believe he is about to undergo any real spiritual transformation. When he describes having attended Auntie Reed’s Baptist church when he was not even thirteen years old, we get the impression that he is not responsible for taking the experience seriously. At that age, children are impressionable and naive about religion, which they may not understand, because it offers protection at a time when they are already protected and forgiven by their parents for errors they make, or â€Å"sinful† acts. Hughes gives the impression that he is being forced to go to church because of social expectations. He is strongly influenced by his friend Westley, who does not hide his real reason for getting baptized, which is to get out of that hot, stuffy church and get on with his adolescence. Westley tells Hughes â€Å"God damn! I’m tired o’ sitting here. Let’s get up and be saved! † Hughes (351). Westley’s ironic and comical interjection aptly sums up Hughes’ view of how the salvation process works in the mind of an adolescent: just do it and get it over with to make your elders happy, because it’s all a game anyway. It is only when Hughes’ aunt Reed comes and sobs at his side and is summoned by the minister that Hughes begins to break down Hughes (351). In paragraph 11, Hughes states: â€Å"Now it was really getting late. I began to be ashamed of myself, holding everything up so long. I began to wonder what God thought about Westley who certainly hadn’t seen Jesus either, but who was now sitting proudly on the platform†¦. So I decided that maybe to save further trouble, I’d better lie, too, and say that Jesus had come, and get up and be saved†¦. So I got up† Hughes (352). Here, Hughes discovers that the mere physical act of rising in response to his summons has begun to change him internally. He may not yet â€Å"see† Jesus, but he certainly sees and feels the effects of what he has done: â€Å"Suddenly the whole room broke into a sea of shouting, as they saw me rise. Waves of rejoicing swept the place. Women leaped in the air. My aunt threw her arms around me. The minister took me by the hand and led me to the platform†¦.. joyous singing filled the room. † Hughes (352). To Hughes, Jesus may as well be in the arms of his beloved aunt as in the â€Å"God damn† of his cocky pal Westley. He finds salvation in the spirit of the moment, and it feels good, if not a little confusing. Towards the end of the story in paragraph 15, Langston begins to notice what he has done wrong and feels emotionally distraught and full of neglect in his actions. He has fooled everyone into believing that he had found Jesus Christ. The only reason why he went up to the podium in the first place was to seek a way out sitting on the pews all day at church being told by the church elders, you’ll be damned if you don’t repent and be baptized! etc. Later on that night, Langston felt not only pressured into doing this but a sense of self actualization that he wanted to truly find Jesus, but in the end he ended up not only hurting himself, but the rest of his family for lying the whole time about his true feelings and the reason why he was in bed crying that whole night. Hughes writes, â€Å"I couldn’t bear the fact that I had lied, that I had deceived everybody in the church, and I hadn’t seen Jesus, and that now I didn’t believe there was a Jesus anymore, since he didn’t come help me,† Hughes (352). This passage provides a vivid explanation of his outlook on those around him and how he betrayed himself into lying for the sake of God. Hughes’ sadness and lack of faith came from those around him who kept on pressuring him to accept Jesus Christ into his heart. In the end, he appears to have turned away from God because he didn’t believe, rather he looked on the outside and not from within being only that he was twelve and naive. However, the fact that he undergoes such a transformation into self-doubt and remorse at having liednot just to himself and to everyone elsebut perhaps also to that notion of God as presented to him in Church. ] What Hughes sees as his own hypocrisy can also be interpreted as his own salvation: not from a traditional baptism of water and spirit and rebirth, but of his own tears of remorse as he realizes he has been baptized into adulthood and the burdens of truth and consequence that are inescapable for Langston Hughes’ Salvation.

Is Nakumatt Operating As A Monopoly Economics Essay

Is Nakumatt Operating As A Monopoly Economics Essay Introduction Here in Kenya, all big cities and many of the smaller towns have at least one supermarket. The quality (of goods and services) is usually quite high. When we enter a supermarket, we find Kenyan and other regional brands as well as many Western and International. A  supermarket  is a  store  that sells a wide variety of goods including  food  and  alcohol, medicine,  clothes, and other household products that are consumed regularly  [1]  .  The stores are usually part of corporate  chains  that own or control other supermarkets located nearby or even transnationally thus increasing opportunities for  economies of scale  [2]  ( this is the decrease in cost of production that occur as a firm increases all its output by increasing all its inputs. Economies of scales explain the downward sloping porting of the long run average total cost curve: as output increases, and the firm increases its size by all inputs, as the average cost or cost per unit, falls). The supermarket typically comprises  meat, fresh  produce,  dairy, and baked goods departments, along with shelf space reserved for  canned  and packaged goods as well as for various non-food items such as household cleaners,  pharmacy  products and  pet  supplies. Most supermarkets also sell a variety of other household products that are consumed regularly, such as alcohol  (where permitted),  medicine, and  clothes, and some stores sell a much wider range of non-food products  [3]  . In Kenya, the supermarket industry has grown from a tiny inch at the start of the 1990s to 20% of the urban food retail sector in 2003. Furthermore, Kenyan supermarket chains are increasingly sourcing from global markets and have started to expand their store network in the wider East Africa region (Kigali, Rwanda)  [4]  . With 18 big stores, Nakumatt is the biggest supermarket chain in Kenya. Its main competitor Uchumi used to be big too, but it had to close due to financial difficulties. Meanwhile it has reopened 14 shops again in major cities. In the Kenyan supermarket industry we also find Chandarana ltd and Tuskys. Nakumatt and Uchumi are two Kenyan supermarkets which not only have branches in Kenya but also in other parts of east Africa. Hence my interest and therefore my research question is: Is Nakumatt Ltd operating as a Monopoly in my residential area? I live at 500m from the YAYA Center; at my location, I am surrounded with 6 big branches of the main supermarkets in Kenya. The 6 supermarkets that you will find in this area are: on Ngong Road: Nakumatt Prestige, Uchumi hyper Ngong road, Tuskys Adams, Uchumi Adams, and Nakumatt Junction, in the YAYA Center: Chandarana Ltd. I have always been wondering how these supermarkets do to survive together and especially Nakumatt and Uchumi, why do they have to different branches in the same area. The purpose of this extended essay is to find out by using data collection and after an interview with the branch managers of all these supermarkets answering to the question: whether or not Nakumatt is operating as a monopoly in the supermarket industry in my residential area? Researching for this essay will enable me to understand or have an idea of how these supermarkets can cohabit-ate together in the same area. Methodology of data collection To answer this essay question, which is to know if Nakumatt ltd is operating as a monopoly on the consumers who live is the same residential area as me. To be able to pursue this survey, I used the most common research method which is to hand out a number of questionnaires to people that I know and others living in a range of 1km from me. I will use primary sources. First I will be giving out 50 questionnaires to people living in my compound and in the surrounding areas. With all the answers, I will be able to find out which one of the supermarkets located near where I stay is more popular, is averagely earning more and their pick hours. It will also help me to know how often people usually frequent these supermarkets, how much do they spend and how long do they stay in there depending on the time. The fact that I am giving out the questionnaires, I not to show that I did some research but to see (hear) what the public(customers) have to say about the supermarkets because their opini on counts as equal as or even greater than the one from the owners of these supermarkets because we are all humans and it is expected for the managers to be bias about their supermarkets. The second method I will use is the face to face interview with the branch managers of these supermarkets which is also very important but more significant because it will help me to have real data statistics on the population that frequents them daily, weekly monthly and annually. And also it will help me to know their strategy and plans on the market to be able to understand the structure in which they are operating on whether it is a monopoly or an oligopoly market. This method will be the hardest because having the chance to have a meeting with these managers when you are not a businessman who can contribute in the well-being of the company can be a hustle( very complex task); these people are very busy men and have very many things to do on their agenda. I will also use a secondary source: The Internet. With the internet, I will be able to have supplementary information and have a greater number of sources. Related information Market Structures A market structure describes characteristics of a market organization that determine the behavior of firms within an industry. There are four types of market structures identified by economists: Perfect competition ( also known as pure competition) Monopoly Monopolistic competition (also known as imperfect competition) Oligopoly A market structure can be defined on the basis of four main characteristics: The number of firms in the industry. The ability of the firm to control the price at which the good is sold in the market. The types of product, in particular how similar or different are the goods or services produced by firms in the industry. how easy is it for new firms to enter the industry and begin producing, which depends on the degree to which there are barriers to entry in the industry; barriers to entry include anything that can prevent a firm from entering and beginning production  [5]   Perfect competition This is a purely theoretical type of market. It has a very high level of competition and has the following characteristics: there are an infinite number of buyers and sellers, all the firms produce the same identical product (homogeneous) without any differentiation (branding). There is perfect information and no trade secret which allows the consumers and the other producers to know what is happening in the market at any time, there is no intervention of any government in the way the market interacts. Monopoly A monopoly is a market structure in which we only have one firm in the industry and the firm is the industry. A monopoly operates with the following characteristics: the barriers to preventing new firm form entering the industry are very high; the firm is the price maker which means that output will depend on the price set by the firm; the monopolist is a short run profit maximizer. In facts, we have two types of monopolies: natural monopoly and pure monopoly. A natural monopoly exists when there is great scope for economies of scale to be exploited over a very large range of output. Indeed the scale of production that achieves productive efficiency may be a high percentage of the total market demand for the product in the industry  [6]  . A pure Monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer of a product for which there are no close substitutes  [7]  . An Actual Monopoly is when the firm has more than 25% of the market shares  [8]  . Monopolistic Monopolistic competition  is a form of  imperfect competition  where many competing producers sell products that are  differentiated  from one another (that is, the products are  substitutes, but, with differences such as branding, are not exactly alike). In monopolistic competition firms can behave like  monopolies in the  short-run, including using market power to generate profit. In the  long-run, other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition; the market becomes more like  perfect competition  where firms cannot gain economic profit. Monopolistic competitive markets have the following characteristics: We have a large but not infinite number of producers and a greater number of consumers. And due to their relatively small size, there is not a single firm that has total control over the market price. But the producers have only a degree of control over price. Consumers perceive that there are no differences in price between the competitors branded products. The barriers to entry and exit are very few (not to say that they practically do not exist). The costs for the firm are very low, which makes it easy for new arrivals to enter the industry or others to leave. Oligopoly An Oligopoly is a market structure where we have a few firms who dominate the market, these firms might be producing similar products, but the products can be differentiated (branded). Supply in the industry must be concentrated in the hands of relatively few firms and dominating firms are independent. Barriers to entry are present especially due to collusion and economies of scale; and prices are likely to be rigid as firms use non-price competition. Firms can make abnormal profit in the long run though they may not be very high  [9]  . When firms decide to collude, they start charging at the same price, and also having a monopoly power and acting as one monopoly. Any monopoly profit made is divided up among the firms taking part of the collusion. Background information To carry out this investigation, and base our theory on our findings, we must know about the past of these supermarkets: because it is very important to know how their started, who owns them (government, cooperation or family), their real market shares, how many branches have they managed to open so far. Nakumatt Nakumatt was established in 1987 as the brainchild of the late retail guru Mr Maganlal Shah who founded Nakuru Mattresses before passing the mantle to Mr Atul Shah, the current managing Director. The supermarket chain was founded as a ten square foot emporium which has grown to cover a selling space of more than one million square feet, with the head office and distribution center occupying some 140,000 square feet of storage and office space. The payoff line You need it, weve got it! indicates Nakumatts commitment to providing the largest variety and highest quality of local and international brands at reasonable and uniform prices. The Nakumatt Smart Card is a loyalty program started in 2003 that enables customers to accumulate smart points with their purchases. On accumulation a certain amount of points, clients can claim smart rewards and prizes. Smart Card shoppers also enjoy discounts with service providers, random surprises on birthdays, off-peak time double points and redempt ion points for purchases. The retail chain has grand plans for the future. These include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increasing the range of goods available to Kenyan consumers at affordable rates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improving the local economy by employing more Kenyans. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivering expected financial results by providing quality, variety, exceptional, service and enhanced lifestyles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increasing investments in training and development of staff to ensure performance and job satisfaction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Developing an integrated nationwide Network. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increasing turnover to KSh 20 billion (285.7 million US dollars). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expanding to the sub-continent. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Listing on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Source: http://www.superbrandseastafrica.com/assets/Featured-Brands/PDFs/129-nakumatt.pdf Tuskys Tuskys, is said to be the second largest retailer in the country with more than eighteen stores all over the country, operates supermarkets and has been able to seal any gaps left by Nakumatt. The retailer recently rebranded from Tusker Mattresses to Tuskys, a sign of the companys transformation from a family business to a corporate entity. Due to popular demand and the lack of land available in the capital for large sized stores, Tuskys has been forced to relocate some of its stores in Nairobi and the retailer is currently expanding its network into suburban districts such as Thika, Athiriver and Rongai. Tuskys latest store has also opened further afield in the lakeside city of Kisumu in the west of  Kenya, close to the Ugandan border.  [10]   Tuskys is the first supermarket in the whole of Kenya to introduce the use of the fidelity smart card. This is a loyalty card which gives a 1Ksh voucher to the card holder for every 100Ksh purchase this voucher can be used to buy any items at any times just buy presenting your identification. Uchumi Uchumi  is a  Kenyan  supermarket chain  which was founded in 1975 and which was listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange in 1992.The name  Uchumi  means economy in  Swahili, the Kenyan National language. Uchumi operates 4 hyper-stores, 8 supermarkets and 2 convenience stores, and employs more than 1,000 people. Uchumi has stores in the major towns of  Nairobi, Karatina,  Eldoret  and  Meru  [11]  . Whilst Nakumatt and Tuskys are playing a leading role in  Kenyas burgeoning retail market, Uchumi Supermarkets, currently positioned in fourth place in  Kenya, has had a history of financial problems. The companys problems have derived from general mismanagement and corruption issues, and Uchumi was expected to either die a natural death or be sold to another retailer when its former managing director, John Smith, announced its closure in June 2006  [12]  . Uchumi closed down, albeit temporarily, in June 2006 after 30 years of business.  At the time, its cl osure was described as one of the greatest corporate disasters in independent Kenya history  [13]  .  However, the government is one of the founders of Uchumi Ltd so letting Uchumi close down was not in their interest. So they had to sell 50% of the companys shares to the public in order to rescue the brand. Then Uchumi started reopening all over Nairobi from July 15, 2006. Uchumi receives more than 3000 customers daily. The government controls the quality and the pricing of the goods. All the goods in Uchumi are certified and approved by the Kenya Bureau of Standard (KBS). Uchumi used to have an annual magazine showing all the items they have in stock; but this stopped when it closed down. They use multiple ways of advertising like the radio, the television and the newspapers. They also have a smart-card. Only during Christmas, the stores are opened 24/7, this is because, they think that it is not effective in Kenya. They offer a home delivery service orderable from their web site and the charge depends on the distance of your location. Uchumi believes that what makes them attracts their customers is their customer service and also believe that their competitors havent reached that level. Uchumi own all their buildings. They have the option of paying electricity bills with a Kenya power counter; this attracts also the customers to enter the supermarket as they can avoid any congestion instead of going to the Kenya Power office. Chandarana Chandarana Supermarket Ltd is a retail chain in Kenya dealing with consumer products. It is currently headquartered at Mobil Plaza, Muthaiga in Nairobi. It has four Branches within Nairobi Yaya center, ABC Place, Muthaiga and Highridge. In this research, only the one located in the Yaya Center will be studied. I chose to include Chandarana in my study because when we first came to Kenya (my family and me), we bought from there everything belonging to the house there and even food supplies. Presentation of data collected To carry out the survey I gave out 38 questionnaires to first peoples living in the same compound as me then some people that I know in the surrounding houses and apartments. I know that I didnt meet my objective which was to give out 50 questionnaires as I mentioned in the METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION, but this was due to multiple reasons. I could only do the survey with people who knew me because other maybe didnt trust me (even though I showed them my school identification card and my recommendation letter) or felt like I was asking them questions about them private life. I gave to all of them a period of 3 weeks to review their habits and be able to answer without having to make hard choices. The reason why I gave them 3 weeks is because people tend not to say the truth when they are given 5 minutes to answer. With all this period of time, they can analyze every question and answer it with a calm and clear state of mind. As I said it earlier, I live near the YAYA Center in Kili mani. The YAYA CENTRE is a modern multifunctional shopping mall, it was founded in the late eighties in Nairobi and is today one of the leading shopping malls housing over 100 shops and offices  [14]  .The diagrams below shows the results of my investigation. Nakumatt Uchumi Tuskys Chandarana 27 2 6 3 71% 5% 16% 8% This table shows the repartition in numbers and in percentages of the consumers depending on the supermarkets they frequent the most. This pie chart has the same function as the table above it. This chart is easier to understand and shows the differences between the supermarkets in terms of popularity. But I believe it is a good representation of the whole population in my residential area. By the end of this research, I found out that 71% of the surveyed population was Nakumatt truthful customers, 5% of them were Uchumi customers, 16% of them were Tuskys customers, and 8% of them were Chandarana customers as shown on the table and the pie chart above. As we all know, in a monopoly market, we only have one firm, and that firm is the industry. If we refer to the pie chart and stick to the traditional definition of a monopoly, we cannot assume at 100% that Nakumatt is operating as a monopoly in my residential area, because we also have other different supermarkets operating in the same area. If we were to base our facts on the data from the investigation, we could say that the representation of the supermarkets in my residential area demonstrates that Nakumatt Ltd is the most dominant supermarket in Kilimani. And view to its relative size and number of customers, we could also say that it does have monopoly power in my residential area; because if we may say, it controls 71% of the population. Age Nakumatt Uchumi Tuskys Chandarana Total under 18 3 1 4 19-25 4 2 6 26-30 5 5 31-35 6 1 1 1 9 36-45 8 1 2 11 over 45 1 1 2 total 27 2 6 3 38 From this table, we can see that the age differentiation doesnt matter because these supermarkets are stocked in order to satisfy the whole of the population that can afford their items. This means that the age of the individuals will not be an obstacle for them meeting their wants as the supermarkets are prepared to satisfy anyone. I do not think that we should place a theory on a supermarket for being destined more for a specific age class. Conclusion Generally supermarkets in Kenya and all over the world belong to the Oligopoly market. This is because the supermarket industry I being run by a little amount of important brands. It might be confusing for saying that Nakumatt is a monopoly and later saying that it is not. This is because by studying how Nakumatt operates in the industry and how they interact with their customers and also their total market shares, we could post them in a position of a Monopoly. Although, even though they might have the characteristics of a monopoly, the presence of other firms (Uchumi, Tuskys and Chandarana) discredits the possibility of them being one. After doing all the necessary research, I came up with a conclusion which states that Nakumatt doesnt operate as a monopoly in my residential area, but in that oligopoly market, it has a monopoly power on customers, which makes them practically all choose Nakumatt.

Investigative Tools and Equipment for Crime Scenes

Investigative Tools and Equipment for Crime Scenes Homicides are punishable criminal acts that involve the killing of an individual by another person. Homicide cases can be either intentional or unintentional. Voluntary homicides are premeditated with the intent to kill such as murders, whilst unintentional homicides occur by mistake or negligence as in cases of fatal traffic accidents. However, these are tackled using the same investigative approach which comprises in using the correct apparatus and techniques to collect evidence from the crime scene, in filing of reports, in conducting searches, in interviewing witnesses and in interrogating suspects in order to arrest, prosecute and punish the offender. Investigative tools and equipment To help the investigator in collecting all available evidence, a list of apparatus that is necessary to keep all proof intact and clean are brought on the crime scene. Universal Precautions such as a disinfectant and disposable gloves, jumpsuits, hair covers, shoe covers, purification masks, and face shields are important to help the investigator in safely touching the environment without tampering evidence and leaving fingerprints. An investigative notebook and stationary such as pens, markers, and pencils are also needed for writing down scene notes. Time reading is very important during the collecting of data such as time of arrival so a wristwatch would be ideal. Official identification of the investigator is also necessary since not everyone is allowed within a crime scene enclosed by crime scene tapes and barrier sheeting (Reno, Marcus, Robinson, Brennan, Travis, 1999). Body bags are brought to the scene to remove the body of the deceased safely from site and ID tags along with evidence seals are attached before removal from site. Cameras are needed to provide visual evidence for later study and measurement instruments such as tape and rulers are needed to record specific lengths or distances. Special containers such as specimen containers are needed to carry and preserve blood, general fluids, and other evidence items to the laboratory. Medical equipment kits are useful for gathering evidence that are complicated to obtain such as scissors to cut clothing samples or cotton-tipped swabs for picking out fluid samples. A trace evidence kit, a first aid kit, a latent print kit, a gunshot residue kit, a blood test kit, a thermometer, local maps, a pair of boots, portable lighting, and reflective vests, are some other important tools for the investigator. Finally, some basic hand tools such as screwdrivers, hammers, shovels, paintbrushes, and bolt cutter s can help investigators to access areas thoroughly (Reno et al., 1999). The Investigation Process Analysing the crime scene The first responder to arrive at the crime scene is usually a police officer and is in charge of the preliminary investigation. S/he has the responsibility of checking whether the suspect is still armed at the crime scene or in the surrounding area. The first responder must render medical assistance to any injured persons and be prepared to write down notes in case of any dying declarations. In case of the latter, the police officer must ask the right questions (such as built, race, hair and eye colour, clothing ect) to try to determine who the culprit is. Afterwards when the dead body is located, death must be confirmed. Thus, the victims pulse, respiration, and reflexes must be checked. Any witnesses should be identified and asked for personal details such as name, address, and mobile/telephone numbers so that they may be contacted later for investigative purposes. It is important that witnesses be separated in order to avoid discussion of the event of crime and thus, contamination of individual accounts of events (Truro Police Department, 2004). The next vital step is to note all weather and environmental conditions, and to protect the crime scene and the evidence found in it until the investigation team arrives on site. This is done by isolating the crime scene from unauthorised persons and by verifying that no evidence is touched prior to the investigation teams arrival on site. The first responder should also establish physical boundaries, park vehicles securely and safely, remove any animals from site, and control traffic. Scene safety is important for all the people involved in the investigation therefore such environmental and physical threats that can cause injury must be removed prior to the crime scene investigation. However, this should be done without damaging and contaminating the integrity of the scene and the evidence. In addition, it is important that the first responder keep a record of all the people that visit the scene, and only allow persons who are needed in the investigation (Reno et al., 1999). Once the investigation team arrives on site, the first responder must report the details to them as accurately and fully as possible. Each member of the investigation team is assigned a specific task to make sure that all the area is covered adequately and to save time. A scene walkthrough should also be established so that entry and exits paths, physical and fragile evidence, and the deceased are identifiable. Depending on the number of investigators, a spiral, grid, linear, or quadrant pattern should be walked so that no area is left unsearched and location of evidence should be marked, photographed. and sketched. This is also essential to avoid alteration and contamination of fragile evidence that includes blood, body fluids (froths, substances from orifices ect), hair, fibres, and fragile evidence that is easily contaminated, lost, or modified. It is important that photographs and sketches indicate the location and patterns of all evidence that is to be collected, preserved, tran sported, and documented so that it can be admissible in court (Reno et al., 1999). An accurate rough sketch of the crime scene containing the case number, location, and case name, can serve as a map to indicate the position and location of the body and any other evidence. All objects should be tied-measured according to stationary landmarks and measurements of the scene taken. A North indication is always appropriate to help understand the general layout of the sketch. If possible, a scale should be included to help calculate distances and sizes of objects. If the crimes scene is indoors, apertures and furniture should be included, whilst if the crime scene is outdoors, trees, fences, vehicles, or any other structures are to be sketched. Afterwards a finalised and accurate version of the sketch is to be drawn so that it can be presented in court. This can also be drawn using computer design software (Bertino, n.d.). Photographic scene documentation helps in providing instant and permanent images of the scene that can be used to recreate the crime and when in doubt about certain details in the report, witness statements, and position of evidence. It is important to include a wide-angle view of the crime scene in order to make the location identifiable. Photographs should be provided with scales and taken at different angles to provide different views of areas. Triangulation of stationary objects should also be included in the photos as reference points. This will also help to uncover any additional evidence that is not noticed by the naked eye (Reno et al., 1999). In addition, photographs with and without measurements, of the initial position of the body, the face of the deceased, objects removed, and the terrain beneath the body should be taken. This is essential to keep record of the position, appearance, clothing, identity, marks and scars, injuries, and final movements of the victim. A detailed record of the evidence such as weapons, cartridge cases, footprints ect, and any necessary measurements along with its relationship to the body should be taken. Volume, patterns, spatters, and other characteristics of blood and body fluids should also be recorded. This also applies for any odours, lights, temperatures, and other fragile evidence. It is important to note that whilst performing these tasks the condition of the body and evidence should never be moderated. Fingerprints, dental, radiographic, and DNA comparisons; personal belongings; photos of tattoos and physical characteristics can all aid in the investigation as these can lead to rela tives if identification of the body is made (Reno et al., 1999). The cause, manner, and time of death can all be determined from post mortem changes such as state of livor mortis and rigor mortis, degree of decomposition, insect and animal bites, and the difference between the temperature of the body and the environment. Documenting such details can help the investigator realise when the witness statements are corroborated and when the body of the dead was transported from a primary location. When the location of death is different from the place where the body is found, it is important for the investigation team to find such a place. Determining the location of death is important to discover how the body was transported to the secondary scene. This can be found by searching on the body and clothes of the deceased and for any drag marks and post-injury marks (Reno et al., 1999). A record of the details of the person/s who discovered the body; the details of where, when and how the discovery was made; and the details of what was exactly was discovered is also necessary for the subsequent investigation and judicial processes. Documenting pre-terminal medical and mental records, and possible incidents and symptoms prior to death and obtaining the relevant ante mortem specimens is essential to determine the deceaseds condition before death. These also help in distinguishing between medical treatment/disease and trauma/injury, and thus determine the cause and manner of death. Marital, family, sexual, educational, employment and financial information, as well as any routines, habits, friends and associates of the dead all help to develop a profile of the deceased that will aid in establishing the cause and manner of death (Reno et al., 1999). Furthermore, the investigation team is also in charge of making sure that the body is protected from further trauma and/or contamination; that all belongings and clothing of the dead victim are properly inventoried, that all evidence items are identified; that all blood and/or vitreous samples are collected; that the body in the body bag is correctly identified and removed from the scene; and that all of these are securely transported to the adequate laboratories and examining agencies. It is also the investigation teams responsibility to notify all next of kin about the death of their relative and to record this (Reno et al., 1999). Documenting and arranging for the secure transportation of body from the scene for autopsy or storage, maintains jurisdiction and chain of custody over the body by the investigation team. In fact, jurisdiction is only released when the body is given to the funeral director. The next step is to perform exit procedures to make sure that: all evidence has been collected, that no materials used in the investigation were left behind; and that all dangerous items were reported. Finally, the family should be informed of any autopsy and support services, and be given a timetable of events such as that of the time of body release and when the test results will be available (Reno et al., 1999). Evidence Evidence can be either direct such as first hand observations of eyewitness testimonies and confessions or circumstantial. Circumstantial evidence is indirect evidence that may prove a link between the crime scene and the suspect. The latter can be divided into physical (fibres, weapons, bullets, shoe prints, blood) and biological evidence (body fluids, hair, plant parts, fingerprints and natural fibres). Biological evidence or individual evidence is many times preferred since this is likely to lead to a specific person, unlike physical evidence or class evidence that leads to a specific group of individuals (Bertino, n.d.). After the evidence is collected from the crime scene, it is usually sent to forensic laboratories to be examined more closely. Test results are important for reconstructing the crime-scene, this means creating a hypothesis to explain the sequence of events from before the commission of the crime to its commission. The investigator should then determine how the evidence fits into the crime and compare it to witnesses statements. Evidence analysis is essential to determine the reliability of such witnesses, to identify suspects, to release any imprisoned innocents, and to verify if the crime scene has been staged (Bertino, n.d.). Evidence such as fingerprints and biological samples from a crime scene can aid in the investigation especially if such biological information is loaded into a database. In this case, links between the new record and a pre-existing record can be established, thus ameliorating detection rates. Such information can then be used to arrest suspects and as evidence in court (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2007). Autopsy In cases where the cause and circumstances of death cannot be verified by the investigator or a doctor, the Magistrate in charge of the case may order an autopsy to be performed on the body by a forensic pathologist. An autopsy allows the examination of the dead person both from the outside and inside. This is done to examine any structural alterations, injuries, toxicological substances, and any other biological material such as blood, saliva, semen, and urine to find out the identity of the person and the cause, time and circumstances of death (Chapter 8, n.d.). Searches Sometimes in the investigation of a crime, searches in buildings, vehicles, and other locations as well as on persons must be conducted in order to look for and seize suspicious evidence. Such searches should always be conducted after the issue of a warrant from a Magistrate (Criminal Code Chapter 9, Articles 355E, and 355L (2)). Interviews Witness interviews can be a good source of information for the investigation. Witness interviews should not interfere with human rights. In order to get as much information out of the witnesses as possible, the investigator should interview the witnesses as close to the event as possible to avoid the forgetting of certain details. It is better to create a favourable atmosphere to conduct the interview in order to make the witness as comfortable as possible. Calming down excited and upset persons and conducting the interview in a private and quiet area is also beneficial. During the interview, the investigator must write down notes unless video recording the whole conversation. Although spoken words are important, the investigator must also understand and record any body movements, emotional outbursts, and/or any sudden silence, as these can mean that further probing or clarification is needed on specific topics (Truro Police Department, 2004). Since witnesses can turn out to be the culprits, investigators must be careful not to reveal important case information. Furthermore, it is also important not to ask close-ended questions so that the person is encouraged to open up to the interviewer. In fact when faced with a shy or reluctant witness, the investigator should try to persuade the individual to be truthful and to appear in court. Putting words in the mouth of the witness by asking leading questions and interrupting the witness constantly during the interview is also wrong since this could result in the witness narrating what the interrogator said rather than his/her account of events (New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc.; Official website of the San Jose Police Department). Interrogations Prior to the interrogation, Miranda warnings must be given to the suspect in an unhurried manner and in a way that s/he fully understands his/her constitutional rights. When an advocate is requested by the suspect, the interrogator must wait for such a person to arrive before initiating the interrogation. In cases of language barriers, underage persons, mental infirmity, influence of drugs or alcohol, wounds, and shock, waivers of Miranda warnings may be suppressed (Truro Police Department, 2004). The interrogation of a suspect may be the only chance for the investigator to obtain an admission or confession. Thus, the investigator must establish a good rapport with the suspect regardless of the type of crime committed and the lack of remorse shown by the suspect. This means that no type of coercion, threatening behaviour or bribes shall be used to obtain a confession (Official website of the San Jose Police Department). If the interrogator is lucky, s/he will get a voluntary confession that can be attained either in response to a question or by the free will of the suspect. In this case, the suspect should not be interrupted. On the other hand, if this is not the case, the interrogator should be tactful, patient, and reassuring whilst asking the questions. Furthermore, just like in witnesses interviews the interrogation is best conducted in a quiet and private room. Questions should be in simple and plain language, and asked consecutively without the use of sarcasm, interruptions, or suggestions of answers. A written record or video recording of all interrogations must be kept in all cases and must include the time and place of the interrogation and the names of the people present in the interrogation room (Truro Police Department, 2004). Reports In all stages of the investigation, the investigation team must keep a detailed report of each action undertaken in the course of the criminal investigation. All facts of the case must be reported since an investigation is only complete when it is accurately reported (New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc.). An accurate report is important because without it, it is impossible to have a strong case against the suspect. All written records must include the name and identification number of the person taking action; the place, date and time of the action; details of the persons present; the case number; and the name of the suspect (Chapter 8, n.d.). The report must include a summary of facts in narrative form (so that the reader can see a clear picture of the event before reading the whole report); a list of evidence listed according to size and using consecutive numbers for separate items (include: what, where, and from whom the item was seized, where it is being stored, and any other specifications such as if the item was used for testing and by whom); any processes that have to do with the investigation such as lab testing and search warrants; a list of witnesses, their testimony and connection with the case; copies of preliminary and follow-up investigation reports; statements of victims and perpetrators; background of deceased and defendants; examination results; photos; and status reports. However, the report should not include opinions of the writer and any other irrelevant material (New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc.). Follow-up investigations Sometimes the initial investigation is not enough to close the case and as a result, follow-up investigations need to be conducted. This is many times done after the case report is reviewed and the investigator realises that additional evidence is needed. A follow-up investigation may include: additional interviews and interrogations; reviews of previous case records, analysing laboratory test results; obtaining information from informants; conducting other crime scene searches; checking criminal records for potential culprits; identifying and capturing suspects; and assisting in court prosecutions (Truro Police Department, 2004). Arrests In cases where there is sufficient evidence that lead to one or more persons as being the perpetrators of the crime, the police have the right to arrest such person/s if in possession of an arrest warrant from the inquiring Magistrate. Arrests can be conducted inside or outside of a police station. However, if the arrest is performed outside the police station, the arrested should be taken to the nearest station and the inspector in charge must be informed (Criminal Code Chapter 9, Articles 355v, 355AE). Court processes Once the arrests are made and the investigation is complete, the investigator can present the case to the courts. If the evidence presented is sufficient and well organised to prove the guilt of a suspect beyond reasonable doubt, charges against the person are filed so that s/he will appear in court in front of a jury. On the other hand, if the evidence is not admissible in court, the case is rejected and dismissed. Therefore, it is in the hands of the investigator to compile a good casebook that will result in the prosecution and punishment of the culprit. After all this is the aim of an investigation to collect enough evidence, to identify and arrest the culprit, and to assist in the successful prosecution of the offender in a court of law (Official website of the San Jose Police Department). References (December 2012). New Mexico Survivors of Homicide, Inc. [On-line]. Retrieved from http://www.nmsoh.org/homicide_investigator_checklist.htm (December 2012). Official website of the San Jose Police Department [On-line]. Retrieved from http://www.sjpd.org/BOI/homicide/glimpse.html (n.d.). Chapter 8: Investigation of a criminal offense. Retrieved from http://www.usip.org/files/MC2/MC2-11-Ch8.pdf Bertino. (n.d.). Chapter 2: Crime-Scene investigation and evidence collection. Retrieved from http://www.cengagesites.com/academic/assets/sites/4827/bertino_chapter2.pdf Criminal Code. Chapter 9. Articles 355E, 355L (2), 355V, 355AE. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2007). Chapter 4: Criminal investigation. In The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (pp. 37-61). London. Reno, J., Marcus, D., Robinson, L., Brennan, N., Travis, J. (1999). Death Investigation: A guide for the scene investigator. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Truro Police Department. (2004). Criminal investigation. Retrieved from http://www.truropolice.org/On%20Line%20Manuals/Criminal%20Investigations.pdf

Blade Runner as a Classic Film Noir and a Science Fiction Film Essay

Blade Runner as a Classic Film Noir and a Science Fiction Film Blade Runner, a well known 80’s science-fiction film, begins in 2019, set in the industrial city of L.A., the scene lit only by the many neon lights and molten guisers. We draw in from a panoramic long shot to Deckard, ‘ex-cop, ex-killer, ex-blade-runner’, who is at the heart of this film. Blade Runner is, definitively, a science fiction film, but the traits of Film Noir are the bread and butter, bringing it the dark, desperate atmosphere that is the very beauty of the film. Ridley Scott plants shrapnels of Film Noir throughout, from the subtle (cigars), to the downright blatant (the washed-up cop of main man). The genre itself developed in the post-war era, thriving upon the depression that had settled upon the world, and the new technology. The latter meant that scenes could be filmed outside of a studio, and new effects could be created with lighting. However, though the new technology was there, the after-math of the war meant that this equipment was often quite rare, leading to the lower budget films opting for stark, shadowy sets rather than miss out on the technology. But this type of setting fitted perfectly into the style of Film Noir anyway, as the feeling of the genre was reflecting the current mood, which was far from happy. The war had left some blind, and everyone else with brand new eyes, people could no longer see everything at face value, or to put it bluntly, the value of face had slumped. The world after war was no place for the frilly and meaningless, and Hollywood, as the capital of frill, had to come up with something new, and refreshingly... ...th Deckard ‘why am I called back? Why am I doing this?’ and the replicants can ask, ‘why am I a replicant, why am I like this?’ The answer of course, the bitter sentiment of Film Noir, ‘for no reason at all.’ The viewer watches Blade Runner’s characters like fish in a tank, with pity because they are trapped, and with resignation, because they’ll never, really, get out. The fusion of Sci-Fi and Film Noir works perfectly in Blade Runner, using the past to paint a (dismal) picture of the future. The combination was one of the first of it’s kind, pulling two genres together to work in perfect unison. And this combination of Sci-Fi and Film Noir will continue to work because the future is unseen, and therefore to us, quite scary, and, as in typical Film Noir fashion, there’s always ‘something BAD out there†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢

Pornography on the Internet Essay -- social issues

Pornography on the Internet The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming popular among those who are interested in the information superhighway. The problem with this world we know as Cyberspace, the ‘Net, or the Web is that some of this information, including pornographical material and hate literature, is being accessible to minors. Did you know that 83.5% of the images available on the Internet are pornographical? Did you know that the Internet’s pornography and hate literature are available to curious children that happen to bump into them? One of the drawing features of the young Internet was its freedom. It’s "...a rare example of a true, modern, functional anarchy...there are no official censors, no bosses, no board of directors, no stockholders" (Sterling). It’s an open forum where anyone can say anything, and the only thing holding them back is their own conscience. This lawless atmosphere bothered many people, including Nebraska Senator James Exon. Exon proposed in July, 1994 that an amendment be added to the Telecommunications Reform Bill to regulate content on the Internet. His proposal was rejected at the time, but after persistence and increased support, his proposal evolved into the Communications Decency Act (CDA), part of the 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act The Internet has changed the world by creating advertising, information, and businesses. However, there are the few bad apples in the Internet that have information, literature, graphics and images that have been deemed inappropriate for minors. Therefore, many people feel the Internet should be censored by the Government. The Government owns and operates the Internet and its agencies are responsible for what is on the Internet. However, for the parents with minors that are concerned about what their kids see- they should go out and get software to censor the Internet. Don’t ruin everyone else’s fun. Why should I have to be a peasant of the Government tyranny over the Internet? The people that worry about their kids and make the Government worry about it and pass legislation on censorship are the people that are too damn lazy to buy Internet Censorship software programs for their PERSONAL computers, NOT the entire United States’. The Government wants censorship, but a segment of the Internet’s population does not. The Communi... ... the user would exercise control of the information available on interactive media instead of the government or network operators. The CDA criminalizes "knowingly transmit[ing] or mak[ing] available" information on interactive media that can be accessed just as easily by wondering the isles of a book store. It also criminalizes "indecent" speech that is transmitted electronically between two consenting adults. i.e. Email. The punishment for such a "crime" can be up to 2 years in prison and/or a $250,000 fine. The Communications Decency Act is unconstitutional by banning speech that is protected by the First Amendment in a medium in which the user is giving the ability to select what he or she does or does not want to receive. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. If we have a "Constitution" and, supposedly, a "First Amendment"- why is the Government using legislation to stop us from expressing ourselves? We seem to be a ironic and paradox country. We didn’t want to be the first to use nuclear weapons and the atomic bomb, but were the first and, so far to present day, the last to use them.

Hamlet as Antihero in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet as Antihero      Ã‚  Ã‚  By literary definition, an antihero is the "hero" of the play or novel, but has negative attributes that separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent nature, use of coarse language, or self-serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero.    One factor contributing to Hamlet’s status as antihero is that he draws sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging his murder.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with such phrases as,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a king" (IV, ii, 12-14)? The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius, Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with Hamlet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, "I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear" (IV, i, 24-25).   This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused.    Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to toy with them. Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says, "I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell, dear mother" (IV, iii, 49-50). The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at one's side would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant power struggle.

What Is Diabetes Type 1 Health And Social Care Essay

Type 1 Diabetes, which can be used to be called juvenile oncoming or Insulin-Dependent Diabetess Mellitus ( IDDM ) and normally appears during childhood, teenage old ages, or early maturity. It is an autoimmune disease, intending that the immune system has mistaken its ain pancreas for foreign tissue and destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin, which is a endocrine. As a consequence, people with Type 1 Diabetes produce about no insulin ( 1 ) . Furthermore, IDDM is largely inherited by the parent cell as the research said if you have a household member with Type 1 Diabetes, your hazard is approximately five to six per centum, compared to the hazard in general population which is 0.4 % ( 2 ) . Diabetes was the 7th prima cause of decease listed on U.S. decease certifications in 2006. This ranking is based on the 72,507 decease certifications in 2006 in which diabetes was listed as the underlying cause of decease ( 3 ) . Therefore, are at that place any possible solutions to g et the better of this job? Neuropathic ulcer may show on the pess of diabetic people. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epodiatry.com/resource/images/Edmond.gif ( 178 WORDS ) A POSSIBLE Solution Insulin pump therapy Alpha cell secrete glucagon Raises glucose degree Islet cell of the pancreas Beta cell secrete glucagon Lowers glucose degree In the Islet cell of pancreas, Beta cell makes insulin. When immune system destroys beta cell, insulin can non be produced. As a consequence the cells in our organic structures will non be able to treat the glucose and hence have no energy for motion ( 6 ) . Furthermore, the glucose is unable to be transferred from blood stream to the cells and the glucose degrees in the blood will be higher than normal. Hence, insulin pump therapy is needed to get the better of this job. ( 283 WORDS ) Insulin pump is a little mechanical device, a small larger than a beeper that is worn outside the organic structure, frequently on a belt or in a pocket. It delivers insulin into the organic structure via an extract set which is injected beneath the tegument at the extract site ( 7 ) . Nipro Diabetes Systems Amigo OmniPod Insulin Management System Nipro Diabetes Systems Amigo OmniPod Insulin Management System Examples of insulin pump. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/pumps/index.htm Graph 1 shows the age distribution at the clip of diagnosing for members of the Insulin Pumpers. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insulin-pumpers.org/about.shtml From graph 1, we can see that most of the users of pumpers are kids and adolescents. About 1119 insulin pumpers have been recorded until 25th of December 2009, which shows a great figure of populations that had been infected with this disease. ( 407 WORDS ) Over the old ages, a figure of different types and trade names of insulin have been developed to run into different demands.TypeBrand NameOnsetExtremumDurationRemarksFast playing Humalog Novolog 5 – 15 proceedingss 45 – 90 proceedingss 3 – 4 hours Human The fastest-acting insulin available Intermediate moving Humulin L Humulin N Novolin L Novolin N 1 – 3 hours 6 – 12 hours 20 – 24 hours Human Long moving Humulin U 4-6 hours 18-28 hours 28 hours Human Normally used in combination with a faster-acting insulin to supply proper control at mealtimes Ultra-long moving Lantus 1.1 hours No extremum Changeless concentration over 24 hours Human Injected one time day-to-day at bedtime Mixtures Humulin 50/50 Humulin 70/30 Novolin 70/30 Humalog Mix 75/25 Varies Varies Varies Varies Varies Varies The Numberss refer to per centum of NPH ( 1st figure ) and regular ( 2nd figure ) Available in phials, pen-fill cartridges, and prefilled panpipes 75 % NPL ( a new NPH preparation ) and 25 % lispro ; available in disposable pen. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lifeclinic.com/focus/diabetes/supply_insulin.asp The end of insulin pump therapy is to copy the insulin secernment form which can be seen in people without diabetes. Normally there are two form of insulin release: Basal insulin or background insulin which is continuously released from the beta cells and regulates the glucose production from liver. Bolus insulin, which is insulin released in response to nutrient and controls the glucose alterations after repasts ( 2 ) . There are four types of bolus form which can assist the pumpers to find what is best for any given nutrient and by accommodating the bolus form to their demands, it will better control of blood sugar. Standard bolus.JPGExtended bolus.JPG Combo bolus.JPGSuper bolus.JPGSource: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_pump All the graphs show the bolus form in order to find what the best nutrient is should be taken in order to better control of blood sugar. The standard bolus people should take low protein and low fat repasts while extended bolus diabetic covering high fat high protein repasts such as steak, which will be raising blood sugar for many hours past the oncoming of the bolus. Furthermore, those who have combination bolus is appropriate for high fat repasts such as pizza and cocoa bar but the ace bolus people must take certain nutrients ( like sugary breakfast cereals ) which cause a big post-prandial extremum of blood sugar. It attacks the blood sugar extremum with the fastest bringing of insulin that can be practically achieved by pumping. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATION First and first, after being diagnosed as diabetic, some of them can non accept the fact and take some clip to mourn their loss. Some of them might fell depressed for illustration Katherine G who was diagnosed with diabetes and maintain inquiring what had I done incorrect? And wanted to thwack every overweight individual she saw ( 1 ) . They besides worried about the following coevals as Type 1 Diabetes is inherited and acquire stress believing about the complication of diabetes which cause them to utilize wheelchair because has no pess and besides being wheeled in order to utilize the dialysis machine. They may lose their ego regard to confront the universe. Some might be under force per unit area as they have to be strict on their nutrient consumption as they have to follow the diet for diabetic and they need to take a batch of medical specialty and besides injection. In order to acquire the intervention for diabetes, more money has to be disbursement as the pumpers are high in cost. Diabetes impacting the earning or active member of the household affects non merely that single but might frequently hold important consequence on the household. The economic load of diabetes is increasing as the epidemic grows. As per WHO estimates, diabetes drains a important per centum of the wellness budget by cost towards direct diabetes attention and diabetes related disablements. Diabetess associated complications account for 60 % of diabetes related direct wellness attention costs and about 80-90 % of indirect costs. In India, for illustration, the poorest people with diabetes spend an norm of 25 % of their income on private attention. The most that they can pay for are interventions that keep them alive by blunting the highest, rapidly fatal degrees of blood sugar. In 2007, the universe is estimated to pass at least USD 232 billion to handle and forestall dia betes and its complications. By 2025, this lower-bound estimation will transcend USD 302.5 billion ( 11 ) . BENEFIT AND RISK Advantages BEST hbA1c ‘s before the pumpBEST hbA1c ‘s utilizing the pump The graph shows the hbA1C degree before and after utilizing insulin pump. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insulin-pumpers.org/about.shtml The degree of hbA1C lessenings with an norm of 6.3 after utilizing the insulin pump. So, it can take down the hazard of developing long-run complications for case shot, bosom disease, sightlessness, kidney failure and besides amputation. Pumpers have been shown to see lesser episodes of terrible hypoglycemia than those who take injections, including during the dark. Clinical surveies shown that utilizing fast moving insulin, the glucose control can be improved with less hazard of hypoglycemia. Furthermore, the pumper can maintain up-to-date with their day-to-day agenda. They are flexible to travel and free to make what they want for illustration they can maintain on the pump during exerting in the eventide. Insulin pumpers require an extract set alteration merely approximately three times a hebdomad, or 156 interpolations a twelvemonth but the injection can accomplish mean more than 1,400 injection per twelvemonth. Disadvantages An episode of diabetic diabetic acidosis aa‚ ¬ † province of unequal insulin degrees ensuing in high blood force per unit area and accretion of organic acids and ketones in the blood may take topographic point if the pumpers do non have sufficient sum of fast acting insulin for many hours. There is high hazard of infection if the catheter site of cannula has non been changed every three yearss and besides skin reactions such as roseolas may look at the site of cannula. This therapy is really expensive as pumps are high monetary values. By utilizing insulin therapy, the society might cognize that you have diabetes since this is one of the popular ways to bring around it ( 12 ) . Some of diabetic might develop film overing vision shortly after get downing insulin due to a alteration of lens refraction and it will rectify itself within two to three hebdomads ( 13 ) . ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS Diet for diabetics If diabetes people eat excessively much, diabetic control will deteriorate but if they eat excessively small, leads to hypoglycaemia. Carbohydrate must be taken in little sums for aged and sedentary but in big sum for active people like adolescents. This must be taken at chief repasts illustration breakfast, tiffin and dinner ( 13 ) . When taking on empty tummy, intoxicant can take down down the glucose degree. Diabetics should restrict saccharide in liquid signifier as they are quickly absorbed. Furthermore, they should extinguish all refined sugars and starches and must intake a batch of fibre-rich veggies and fruits in their diet. This is because fibers slow down glucose soaking up and prevent high glucose degrees after repasts. They must take protein and restricted ruddy meats and besides trans-fats. Saturated fats must be reduced and take a batch of bosom healthy mono-saturated fats and omega 3. Exerting Peoples, who exercise on a regular basis, when compared to those who do non exert, diminish their opportunity of developing diabetes by 30 to 50 % . Exercise aid by bettering the bodyaa‚ ¬a„?s to utilize insulin and causes cholesterin degree and blood force per unit area to drop ( 14 ) . Aerobic exercising Burnss Calories to assist in pull offing the weight, beef up the bosom and lungs and gives endurance. In other word, it improves the bodyaa‚ ¬a„?s ability to utilize insulin and prevent diabetes. We must make warm up and chill down earlier and after exerting. Take at least 20 proceedingss and three times a hebdomad to exercising. Furthermore exercising can increase the consumption of glucose by musculuss therefore increase in carbohydrate consumption. We must take adequate saccharide before exerting but overdose of saccharide will consequences in hyperglycemia. As diabetes, insulin must be sufficient before and after exercising because strenuous exercisi ng and deficient insulin will decline diabetic control ( 15 ) . Supplement vitamin and herbs Vitamin E helps fade out fresh coagulum in venas and cut down the O demand of tissue and cell. Furthermore, it besides helps to from new tegument ( in mending the ulcer and Burnss ) and increases the blood supply to weave, therefore reduces diabetes sphacelus and amputations. Vitamin E reduces the demand for insulin in 30 % of diabetes ( 16 ) . Biotin is B vitamin that maps in industry and usage of saccharide, fat and amino acids. It enhances insulin sensitiveness and increase the activity of enzyme glucokinase, enzyme responsible for the first measure in the usage of glucose in liver as this enzyme is low in diabetic. It besides helps in the intervention of diabetic neuropathy ( 17 ) . Evaluation