Popular magazine Essay Example for Free

Popular magazine EssayThe concept behind this mode is concerned with signs and in particular three different component parts, signified, signifier and sign. To help in the explanation of these terms it will be useful to examine a recent put forward taken from a popular magazine. iodine such advert within a current publication of OK magazine illustrates a woman smiling having used a certain bulls eye of washing powder to clean clothes the headline states Another load of your mind. (OK, 2002, p65) Within this particular advert the signifier would be the washing powder. The signified except would relate to the headline as another job done, whereas the sign would suggest that washing powder equals happy family with clean clothes, time to do other jobs round the house and its a mothers job to worry about dirty washing. However if this is the meaning then how was it arrived at because this particular advert does not state what is conveyed above. It may be that semiotics recogni ses that viewers interact with material presented, they do not just take it at face value, and they bring other meanings they may sport encountered elsewhere in the affable world.Indeed in support of this argument Kline tells us that for advertising to create meaning the observer has to do some work. (Kline, 1990, p202) Without denying this advert could have different signs for different individuals there may be a bailiwick here whereby advertisers are not reinforcing gender stereotypes, it is the reader bringing their possess social background or life experience to the reading of the advertisement therefore reinforcing their own stereotypes.Williamson makes the point that although peopleinvent adverts these adverts do not claim to speak for them. (Williamson, 1978, p13) therefrom the interpretations individuals bring may be governed by codes and constraints within our social lives that may well affect the behavior adverts are constructed and presented Ideology is a code that is arguably influential on how adverts are put together and can change over time. For example if one looks at advertising of the 40s and 50s there was possibly some(prenominal) more obvious signs of hierarchy between the sexes.Indeed in many of the adverts used by Goffman in his gender advertisements publication, men were seen as breadwinners working away(p) of the home and women were seen as homemakers and carers with no indication of an occupation. Incidentally he defines ideology as a meaning made necessary by the conditions of society trance helping to perpetuate those conditions. In other words leading people to believe certain values to gain agreement in an objective, in this case gender roles.(Goffman, 1979, p28-82) To reiterate this position Winship takes the argument a stage further and states that it is the ideology of patriarchy with its structures of domination that sets up inequality. (Winship, 1980, p17) so for Winship there is an influence of a ruling ideology that affects many facets of social life- beauty, sexuality and independence etc- that advertisers are bound to use because within that ruling ideology, society would expect or ask different roles from individuals therefore advertisers would reflect this.If however advertisers and individuals are constrained by a ruling ideology that again suggests that individuals have lost or never had the ability to think for themselves. Indeed akin to a hypodermic model whereby people are injected-metaphorically speaking- with information that does not get processed and comes out merely as it went in. Gender stereotyping in advertising is therefore very subjective in that whatever way we measure and analyse the subject it must be stressed that we have the ability to disagree with any message that is conveyed by advertisers.Through the use of semiotics we can build up a read of what is behind the images we are confronted with. By the same degree content analysis can give one the idea that the resul t is conclusive. However no method is perfect and in the same way it can be useful it can also be misleading as has been shown above. When one is also approach with the argument of ideology within advertising it is akin with all aspects of social life.It is true to say we follow rules and regulation in our every day social lives that may constrain some of our actions, in the same way that advertisers are constrained by bodies such as the BSC. However in the same way we are constrained, we are also protected by the same ideology, therefore we have some powers available to disagree with, contest and challenge messages or actions deemed unfair or stereotypical. As a result it is difficult to establish whether adverts reinforce gender stereotypes or if indeed we do that perfectly well for ourselves.

Evidence-Based Practice Paper Essay Example for Free

Evidence-Based Practice Paper EssayThe evidence-based practice guideline that I chose is titled, Myocardial Infarction, written by the Finnish Medical alliance Duodecim. The intended users for this guideline ar health care providers and physicians. The target population is individuals with suspected or known myocardial infarction. The objective of this guideline is to collect, summarize, and update the magnetic core clinical knowledge essential in general practice and describe the scientific evidence underlying the given recommendations. (Finnish Medical inn Duodecim, 2008) uncloudedness and Researchability of the athletic fields Purpose and Question gibe to the researchers, the purpose of the study is to test how training format (factual versus storytelling) and restructuring the social norm of warmth for others to caring for self affects how women meet to appoint and respond to myocardial infarction (MI) signs. (McDonald, Goncalves, Almario, Krajewski, Cervera, Kaes er, et al., 2006, p.216) I feel that the purpose of the study is significant to nursing because nurses need to educate patients or so what symptoms to observe for and shroud to their primary care providers. Also, if this study could determine which teaching format would better assist patients in acknowledging significant symptoms of an MI involve to contact EMS, then nurses could peradventure be better fitting to educate patients about those symptoms.I debate that the study title of Assisting Women to Learn Myocardial Infarction Symptoms, is more general than the lead research questions listed in the study (a) Are women who are taught how to recognize and respond to symptoms of an MI using a storytelling format more likely to be able to identify symptoms and plan to get help than women who are taught the same information using a factual format?, (b)Does teaching women to cognitively restructure the caring for others social norm to caring for self make them more likely to ident ify symptoms of an MI and plan to call EMS than women who are non taught this form of cognitive restructuring?, and (c) Are women who have been taught MI symptoms and rejoinder using the storytelling format and who were taught cognitive restructuring of the caring for others to caring for self social norms more likely to identify symptoms of an MI and plan to call EMS than women who were provided factual information about MI symptoms and response, and who were non offered cognitive restructuring?(McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217-218) The twain in restricted variables identified in the study are teaching format (factual vs. storytelling) and social norms (caring for others first vs. caring for self) and the dependent variable is the posttest knowledge of MI symptoms. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220)The American Heart Association (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) demesnes that heart disease body the atomic number 82 cause of death for women and kills over 248,000 women each year in the United States. Mosca, Ferris, Fabunmi, Robinson (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) states that the majority of women remain un certified that heart disease is the leading cause of death for women, despite a significant increase in awareness since 2000. While the assumptions of the researchers are not clearly stated, I would assume that the researchers believe that women need to be further educated about the symptoms of MI in order to avoid disabling or life-ending consequences from MI. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216) Adequacy and Relevance of the Literature recapI feel that the literature review is relevant to the problem because they dispute the differences in MI symptoms among genders and which symptoms were comm hardly reported by women. DeVon and Zerwic (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216-217) reviewed studies on gender differences in MI symptoms and concluded that symptoms were similar across gender however, in seven studies back pain, dyspnea, and nau sea and vomiting occurred more frequently in women. According to McSweeney, OSullivan, Cody, Crane (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217) women who have experienced an MI often describe additional symptoms besides chest pain, such as weakness, shortnessof breath, different fatigue, diaphoresis, nausea, feeling flushed or dizzy, or a heavy feeling in the arms. The literature review also discusses the possible reasons for why women delay in contacting EMS when symptoms of MI do occur. Finnegan et al (cited in McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217) states that women might delay responding to their own MI symptoms to meet their caregiver responsibilities.The literature review is logically organized, because it clearly talks about the differences among identification of MI symptoms among genders, along with the possible reasons for the delay among women in reporting their symptoms in order to receive immediate attention. The discussion about women not wanting to take care of themselves in o rder to continue assuming the responsibility of caring for their families, supports the research question of cognitively restructuring the caring for others social norm to caring for self. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.217)I feel that the 23 references used were appropriate for this study. The dates of the references range from 1989 to 2005, with this study being published in the May/June 2006 issue of overt Health Nursing. Majority of the references (20/23) had to deal with heart disease, epoch the remaining three discussed (a) theory of planned behavior, (b) story telling as a tool, and (c) applied multivariate statistics. Both, primary and secondary sources were used as references. Agreement between Purpose, Design, and MethodsThe study target described is a pretest posttest full factorial experimental jut with educational format (storytelling vs. factual) by social norms (restructuring the social norm of caring for others vs. no restructuring). (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) A ccording to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) a true experimental design has three identifying properties (a) randomization, (b) control, and (c) manipulation (p.179). In the study, the researchers randomly assigned the participants to one of four congregations, each group receiving a different type of informational MI symptom pamphlet. LoBiondo-Wood Haber also state that experimental designs are the just about powerful for testing cause-and-effect relationships due to the control, manipulation, and randomization components (p.185), which I think makes the design appropriate for answering the research questions in this study.Data was collected by having participants respond in writing first to a demographic form, and then to a Heart Attack prospect, both before and after, reading an informational pamphlet about MI symptoms. The Heart Attack Survey consisted of two questions. The first question was open ended, list all of the signs and symptoms of a heart attack that you are aware of. The second question used a 0-10 casing, with the corresponding anchors definitely would not call and definitely would call, to measure the behavioral intention of calling 911 within 30 min if heart attack symptoms occur. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.219) I feel that their info collection procedure is logical and practical because paper-and-pencil instruments are most useful for collecting data on variables that cannot be directly observed or measured by physiological instruments. (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p.274)The researchers did not clearly discuss their instruments in terms of capacity cogency and reliability. LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) define validity as the extent to which an instrument measures the attributes of a belief accurately and reliability as the ability of an instrument to measure the attributes of a concept or construct consistency (p.286). I think that both of their instruments were valid since the demographic form only measured demographic info, and the Heart Attack Survey only measured the number of MI symptoms the participants knew along their intent to call 911.However, I do not think the Heart Attack Survey was actually reliable, since the researchers did mention that many of the women did not answer the same MI symptoms on the posttest that they had mentioned on the pretest. If the instrument was reliable, I would believe that the posttest would have the same MI symptoms as listed on the pretest, along with any new symptoms the women learned from reading the informational pamphlets. Suitability of the Sampling Procedure and the SampleI feel that the researchers used a whatchamacallit sample consisting of 113 adult women. The women were recruited by graduate nursing student data collectors in shopping malls, restaurants, and other public areas. Inclusion criteria included of (1) female, and (2) age 25 years or older, and (3) able to speak, read, and understand English or Spanish. Exclusion criteria included (1) previous MI, (2) phy sician or nurse, or (3) current or one-time(prenominal) EMS worker. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) Descriptive characteristics of the sample include (a) a mean age of around 42 years, (b) majority of participants having a high school education, with about an additional 36% having higher education, (c) most women were white, with next largest racial group consisting of black Americans, (d) nearly more than half being of non-Hispanic ethnicity, (e) few women having personal history of heart disease, while around half reported family history of heart disease, and (f) half reporting having caregiver responsibilities.I think the sample size was adequate for the study. The researchers state that a small effect size for the intervention effect was anticipated based on the REACT findings and the sample size needed for a four-group multivariate depth psychology of variance (MANOVA) with a power of 0.80, a significance direct of .05, two dependent variables, and a small anticipated effect size was n=115. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218) in that respect were an additional seven participants, but were not included in the final sample because they provided incomplete data, by not completing both the pretest and the posttest. The researchers state that at that place were no significant differences between women completing the study and women not completing the study for age, ethnicity, race, marital status, education, having health insurance, a personal history of heart disease, a family history of heart disease, or responsibility for caring for others. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220)The researchers state that the study was approved for human subjects protection by the university internal review board. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.219) The researchers also state in their study that each participant was provided verbal informed consent and a copy of the study information sheet. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.219) Correctness of Analytic ProceduresThe statistical procedures nam ed in the study are (a) analysis of variance (ANOVA), (b) 2 (chi-square), (c) Pearsons r correlation, (d) t test, and(e) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a statistic that measures differences among group means and uses a statistical technique to equate the groups under study in relation to an important variable (p.574). In the study, McDonald, et al., (2006) tested the three research questions through ANCOVA The two independent variablesteaching format (factual vs. storytelling) and social norms (caring for others first vs. caring for self)were entered as the grouping variable. The pretest knowledge of MI symptoms served as the covariate, and the posttest knowledge of MI symptoms was entered as the dependent variable. (p.220)Since the study wanted to know the type of MI symptoms that the women could identify, the level of measurement for this study would be nominal. According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) w hen data are at the nominal level and the researcher wants to determine whether groups are different, the researcher uses the chi-square (2) (p.326). The MI symptoms would be considered categorical variables because they could have more than two true values also, since only one particular was given to each symptom identified, there was no order to the variables. (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p.312)The researchers listed several p values in their study (a) the factual information with the social norms restructured group had more White participants (26.6%) and less non-White participants (0.9%) than the other conditions, 2(3) = 7.94, p .05, (b) women responding to the English instruments reported significantly more symptoms (M = 6.4 SD = 2.73) than women (n=29) responding to the Spanish instruments (M = 4.7 SD = 3.26), t (111) = 2.75, p .007, and (c) for the pretest the number of MI symptoms and the 911 response score were unrelated, r (113) = 0.16, p .09, and slightly related, r ( 113) = 0.20, p .04, on the posttest. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) the minimum level of significance acceptable for nursing research is 0.05 (p.322). Clarity of FindingsThe findings described under the results section state that the women identified significantly more MI symptoms after reading the MI pamphlet. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) gameboard 1contains frequencies for the entire sample of the most frequently identified MI symptoms on the pretest and posttest. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220) Table 1 highlights the finding that a majority of the MI symptoms were identified more frequently on the posttest when compared to the pretest. Table 2 contains group frequencies for identified MI symptoms, with pretest frequencies for each of the four groups preceding the posttest frequencies, which highlights the finding that no significant group differences emerged for storytelling and social norms. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.220)While the results did show that women chiefly learned three more MI symptoms to add to their previous knowledge of the commonly identified MI symptoms, chest pain, shortness of breath, and arm pain, the results also discuss that the storytelling versus factual format for teaching women about MI symptoms did not affect how women learned MI symptoms. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.221) I feel that these results show that more research is needed in order to find a way to adequately teach women the symptoms of MI and which symptoms would require them to quickly contact 911. While I do not think the conclusions are generalized beyond the sample, I agree with the researchers when they state that it is important for everyone to know that MI symptoms are ambiguous, and that even when people are diffident about their MI symptoms they should always call 911. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.222)The researchers state in their study that there were several potential limitations that could have impacted their resu lts (a) participants were recruited from the community and might not have carefully read the informational pamphlets, potentially reducing the amount of information learned, (b) the words heart attack were not included in the content of the factual group pamphlets, which might have led the women in that group to not associate the symptom information with MI symptoms, (c) the pretest and posttest were identical and separated only by the time taken to read the intervention pamphlet which as a result might not reflect symptoms that the women later remember and identify as potential MI symptoms, (d) many women did not include all of the MI symptoms that they wrote on the pretest, decreasing the score that they received foridentifying MI symptoms, (e) the MI symptom score did not reflect if the same symptom was included on the pretest and posttest, or if commonly occurring but less frequently recognized MI symptoms were learned, and (f) the 911 scale proved to be an inadequate measure of response to MI symptoms. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.222)According to LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2010) a research study using a true experimental design is commonly called a randomized control trial (RCT) (p.179). LoBiondo-Wood Haber also state that an individual RCT generates Level II evidence because of the minimal bias introduced by this design through use of randomization, control, and manipulation (p.179). Since this study used a pretest posttest full factorial experimental design and the participating women were randomly assigned, using a web-based random number generator, to one of the four experimental conditions, I would classify this study as an RCT generating Level II evidence. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.218)According to the evidence-based practice guideline that I chose, or else of chest pain, acute dyspnoea may be the primary symptom and the diagnosis should be made without delay since early therapy improves the prognosis decisively. (Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2008 ) I feel that the results of this study support the guideline because it is important for women to be able to recognize the symptoms of MI early on and be aware of their happen for an MI so that they can secure immediate emergency medical care when symptoms of an MI occur. (McDonald, et al., 2006, p.216)ReferencesFinnish Medical Society Duodecim. (2008). Myocardial infarction. Retrieved from the National road map Clearinghouse website. http//www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15doc_id=12794nbr=006596string=myocardial+AND+infarction LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2010). Nursing research Methods and critical appraisal for evidence- based practice, 7th Ed. St. Louis Mosby.McDonald, D. D., Goncalves, P. H., Almario, V. E., Krajewski, A. L., Cervera,

Serum-hepatocyte Growth Factor (S-HGF) in Diagnosis of SPNs

Serum-hepatocyte Growth Factor (S-HGF) in Diagnosis of SPNsValue of hepatocyte emersion factor in the runner derivative diagnosis of lonesome pulmonic nodulesF1Haixin Yu, Yan Wang*, Wenduan Ma, Haixiang Yu, Shengtao ShangAbstractPurpose To evaluate blood serum-hepatocyte growth factor (S-HGF) in the differentiation of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs)F2.F3Methods The study comprised 42 serum samples from SPN patients and 10 brawny samples as see to it. The HGF was measured by the commercially available immunoassayF4.F5 Serum directs of HGF of 42 patients with SPN was measured by ELISA kit, and compargond with the control meeting of 10 normal subjects. The nodules were diagnosed by operation and pathology.Results The median level of S-HGF was 180( range from one hundred to 300) pg/ ml in the sun-loving control chemical sort out, 165( range from 100 to 400) pg/ ml in kind SPNs crowd and while 395( range from 100 to 1550) pg/ ml in cancerous SPNs group, The S-HGF mean l evel of cancerous group was momentously uplifteder than the with solid diversion observed between the malignant group and control group(P. Moreover, the malignant group was also authoritatively mettlesomeer than the , and between the malignant group and the benign group(Pwhile no significant difference between the benign , but not between the benign group and the control group(P0.05). upgrademore, the S-HGF was also shown no statistically significant difference was observed(P0.05) in different pathologic types of the limited number of lung crab louse patients.In addition, when S-HGF in different pathologic types of the limited number of lung crabmeat patients were comp ared, no statistically significant difference was observed(P0.05).Conclusion S-HGF is valuable in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. It was suggest that the patients with SPNs should consider an operation when the S-HGF level 250pg/ml, and malignant SPNs are highly suspected while S-H GF level 400pg/ml, surgical intercession should be taken immediately.S-HGF is valuable in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. An el S-HGF level250pg/ml in patients with SPNs may strongly speak for malignant nodules and operation is suggested. If S-HGF level 400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected, active surgical interpolation should be taken.Key words diagnosis, hepatocyte growth factor, solitary pulmonary nodule, NSCLClung cancer1. IntroductionThe solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is a single mass in the lung less(prenominal) than or equal to 3 cm in diameter, without concomitant pneumonia and atelectasis of involved lung segments and lobes 1. In the general population, its reported that approximately 5% of SPN patients show lung cancer by radiology 2, which is considered one of the most common forms of cancer with a high death incidence ratio in the world 3. Diagnoses of benign and malignant SPN has been concerned and become a challenge in these de cades 4, 5. Therefore, it is utmost important to improve the method in the characterization of SPNs6.With the development of modern medical scholarship and technology, several detecting and monitoring method were used in screening the SPNs and lung cancer 2, 7, 8, Momen9 et al. have compared three detection methods for identifying malignant SPNs for the sensitivity and specificity. The positron waiver tomography (favourite) imaging was consistently higher (80 to 100%) for its sensitivity, while was with lower specificity and larger variation (40 to 100%). Also, they comprise the similar results in dynamic CT with enhancement (sensitivity, 98 to 100% specificity, 54 to 93%). In studies of CT-guided needle biopsy, sensitivity and specificity performed excellent, but nondiagnostic results were seen approximately 20%. Dalli8 et al. also showed the similar result in 2013. While Carsten10 et al. suggested that routine flexible bronchoscopy should be included in the pre-operative work-u p of patients with SPNs in his study. Even so, it seems to find a better detection method of long cancer and characterization of SPNs is still necessary. Serum-hepatocyte growth factor (S-HGF, Serum-HGF) is an important fibroblast-secreted protein that mediates development and progression of cancers11. Nagio et al. 12 gave the evidence that the S-HGF levels of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were significantly higher than those of patients with benign SPNs and thinking(a) subjects. Ujiie et al13 had proved that the levels of HGF in serum could be used as prognostic indicators of the patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing military operation and chemotherapy. Kasahara et al. 14 found that higher HGF levels were significantly associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of S-HGF could be a sensitive indicator and an independent bi omarker for evaluating the therapeutic effects and the prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Therefore, we give the hypothesis that S-HGF may be a potential target in diagnoses of benign and malignant SPNs associated with lung cancer. In our study, we used Enzyme relate immunospot assay (ELISA) method to detect the S-HGF levels between different serum samples from SPNs patients and healthy subjects. The solitary pulmonary nodule(SPN) is defined as a round opacity 3 cm in diameter surrounded by lung parenchyma1.There should be no associated with hilar lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, pneumonia or chest wall pathologies. With more importance attached to bodily examination and the development of medical imaging examination technology, the detection rate of SPN is on the increase.In the general population, approximately 5% of all SPNs shown by radiology are reported to be carcinomas2. In eight large trials of lung cancer screening, Momen et al3 have compared the sensitivity and speci ficity in three detection methods for identifying malignant SPNs. The sensitivity of PET imaging was consistently high (80 to 100%), whereas specificity was lower and more variable (40 to 100%). They found similar results in dynamic CT with enhancement(sensitivity, 98 to 100% specificity, 54 to 93%).In studies of CT-guided needle biopsy, sensitivity and specificity were excellent, but nondiagnostic results were seen approximately 20% of the time. Carsten et al4, in a study of 225 patients with SPN of unknown origin, observed that the bronchoscopic biopsy results were positive in 84(46.5%) patients with lung cancer. The differential diagnosis between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is always a difficult point in clinical practice. In this study, we check the clinical significance of the serum level of hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) in patients with SPNs.2. Methods2.1. PatientsAccording to the definition, inclusion criteria was set1On computed tomography (CT), S PN is a round opacity 3 cm in diameter surrounded by lung parenchyma.2There should be no associated with hilar lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, pneumonia or chest wall pathologies.3Regardless of age and gender. In consideration of some influences, exclusion criteria was set(1)Inflammation or infection within a month. (2)Surgery or trauma within 6 months. (3)Various liver diseases. (4)Chronic renal failure. (5)Arteriosclerosis. (6)Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. (7)Diabetes mellitus.The case group included 42 patients with SPNs, mean age 60.7 years (range, 42 to 72). Besides, 10 healthy adult subjects were chosen as control.2.2. Specimen collectionThe morning fasting venous blood of all subjects was collected in sterile polypropylene tubes, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and immediately centrifuged at 400rpm for 10min. Then, the blood plasma was stored at -70C until the assays were performed.2.3. Assay for S-HGFWe used Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) to measure S-HGF. The HGF monoclonal antibody and standard substance for the assays were purchased from American RD systems. Goat-anti-human HGF polyclonal antibody as the primary antibody and donkey-anti-goat IgG polyclonal antibody labeled with horse radish peroxidase as the secondary antibody were both purchased from British biotech company Abcam.2.4. Pathological diagnosesAll the 42 patients with SPNs were pathological diagnosed postoperatively. 12 cases were benign nodules(4/12 were tuberculoma, 6/12 were rabble-rousing pseudotumor, 2/12 were hamartoma) and 30 cases were malignant nodules(17/30 were adenocarcinoma, 13/30 were squamous carcinoma).2.5. Statistical methodsAll selective information were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Because the measured data manifested as skewed distribution, geometrical mean GlogGswas calculated in for each one group after logarithmic transmutation had been carried out on each datum. Then, Students t test was performed on both sides. Dif ferences were considered statistically significant at P0.05.3. ResultThe S-HGF data measured of healthy control group, benign SPNs group and malignant SPNs group is shown in Table 1Table 1 are the measured S-HGF data of healthy control group, benign SPNs group and malignant SPNs group. All the data manifest as skewed distribution(All P0.05). Geometrical mean GlogGswas calculated in each group after logarithmic transformation had been carried out on each datum(Table 2).TABLE 1 The S-HGF levelpg/ml of healthy control group, benign SPNs group and malignant SPNs group.TABLE 2 The analogy of S-HGF level of each group after logarithmic transformation had been carried out on each datum.aBenign SPNs group vs healthy control group, P0.05bMalignant SPNs group vs healthy control group, P0.05cMalignant SPNs group vs benign SPNs group, P0.05The S-HGF level of benign SPNs group compared with the healthy control group, there were no significant differences (P0.05). The S-HGF levels of malignant SPNs group were significantly higher than those of healthy control group(Psignificant differences (P0.05, Table 3).TABLE 3 The comparison of S-HGF level of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinomaaSquamous carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma, P0.054. DiscussionHepatocyte growth factor/ spreadhead factor (HGF/SF) from the serum of hepatectomized rats was first partially purified and described by Nakamura in 198415. HGF receptor encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene is a piece of the tyrosine kinase class of cell surface receptors. As a kind of cytokine, the hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) has widely biological activities, including regeneration, antifibrosis, cytoprotection, and differentiation16. Moreover, HGF is a predominant fibroblast-derived factor that stimulates mitogenesis, motogenesis, and the invasion and metastasis of human carcinoma cells 17. The growth and metastasis of tumors depend on angiogenesis which is the result of the derangement of promoters and inhibitors.The S-HGF levels in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver were found to be slightly higher than those in normal subjects18. So the patients with various liver and gall diseases were first excluded. So far, some studies showed the S-HGF levels were significantly increased in patients with Inflammation, infection, underwent surgery or trauma. Therefore, the patients with inflammation or infection within a month and the patients underwent surgery or trauma within 6 months were both excluded. Johanna et al. 19 had concluded that patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) have a systemic HGF profile reflecting a chronic incendiary condition with high concentration, but low biological activity, of HGF. Therefore, the patient samples with CRF were also excluded. The S-HGF levels in patients with arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and diabetes mellitus were reported to be significantly higher than that in healthy population. So, the patients with these diseases were excluded as well.Tsao et al.20 showed the HGF messenger RNA(mRNA) and protein were preponderantly expressed by the tumor cells in a high percentage of primary NSCLC. Our study showed serum of the healthy control group contained trace amounts of S-HGF, the S-HGF levels of the patients with benign SPNs were nearly close to the healthy control group(PHGF levels of the patients with malignant SPNs were significantly higher than the healthy control group(P0.05) and the benign SPNs group(P0.05). It illustrated that the high level of S-HGF was associated with lung cancer. And it was further confirmed that S-HGF could be expressed by the carcinoma cells in NSCLC.The S-HGF levels of part of patients with squamous carcinoma in the malignant SPNs group were observed to be higher(700pg/ml) and the S-HGF statistical analytic thinking by the statistical difference between the squamous carcinoma group and adenocarcinoma group, for the S-HGF, the median level of the squamous ca rcinoma group was 370(100-1500)pg/ml while the adenocarcinoma group was 420(100-1550)pg/ml, no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P0.05). No further conclusions could be made, in case of the number limitation of the samples. The result confirmation should be amortized awaits further research. get ahead analysis of the 20 patients with high levels of S-HGF(250pg/ml), there are 3 patients(15%) with benign SPNs and 17 patients(85%) with malignant SPNs. Furthermore, for the 20 patients, the result shows that 1 patients (6.25%) with benign SPNs and 15 patients (93.75%) with malignant SPNs in the 16 patients with high levels of S-HGF(400pg/ml), It reveals that an distinguished S-HGF level 250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant and when the S-HGF level 400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected.ConclusionIn conclusion, our study shows significant in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) for the S-FGF assay. The S-HGF levels of malignant SPNs group are significantly higher than the healthy control group(P SPNs group(P0.05). The differences between benign SPNs group and healthy control group have no statistically significant(P0.05). An elevated S-HGF level 250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant, surgical therapy should be considered. If S-HGF level 400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected, surgical intervention is recommended without delay. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) from the serum of hepatectomized rats was partially purified and described by Nakamura for the first time in 1984. HGF receptor encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene is a member of the tyrosine kinase class of cell surface receptors. As a kind of cytokine, the hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) has widely biological activities, including regeneration, antifibrosis, cytoprotection, and differentiation5. Moreover, HGF is a predominant fibroblast-derived factor t hat stimulates mitogenesis, motogenesis, and the invasion and metastasis of human carcinoma cells6. The growth and metastasis of tumors depend on angiogenesis which is the result of the imbalance of promoters and inhibitors. Sengupta et al7 had demonstrated that HGF/SF could induce angiogenesis independently of VEGF, possibly through the direct activation of the Akt and ERKs.The S-HGF levels in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were found to be slightly higher than those in normal subjects8. So the patients with various liver and gall diseases were first excluded. So far, some studies have found the S-HGF levels were significantly increased in patients with Inflammation or infection, or underwent surgery or trauma. Therefore, the patients with inflammation or infection within a month and the patients underwent surgery or trauma within 6 months were both excluded. Johanna et al9 had concluded that patients with CRF have a systemic HGF profile reflecting a chronic inflammatory condition with high concentration, but low biological activity, of HGF. Therefore, the patients with CRF were also excluded. The S-HGF levels in patients with arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and diabetes mellitus were reported to be significantly higher than that in healthy population. So, the patients with these diseases were all excluded. Tsao et al10 had showed that HGF messenger RNA(mRNA) and protein were predominantly expressed by the tumor cells in a high percentage of primary NSCLC. It indicated in our research that the serum of the healthy control group further contained trace amounts of S-HGF, the levels of S-HGF of the patients with benign SPNs were close to those of the healthy control group(P0.05) and the benign SPNs group(P0.05). It illustrated the fact that high level of S-HGF was associated with lung cancer. And, it was further confirmed that S-HGF could be expressed by the carcinoma cells in NSCLC. In addition, Nagio et al11 had proved that the levels of S-HGF of patients with SCLC were significantly higher than those of patients with benign SPNs and healthy subjects.The levels of S-HGF of a portion of patients with squamous carcinoma in the malignant SPNs group were observed to be higher(700pg/ml) and statistical analysis was conducted to fond the statistical difference of S-HGF between the squamous carcinoma group and the adenocarcinoma group. The S-HGF median of the squamous carcinoma group was 370(100-1500)pg/ml and the adenocarcinoma group was 420(100-1550)pg/ml, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups(P0.05). No firm conclusions could be made, possibly due to the limited number of cases. It is of concern and remains to be further studied.Further analysis was taken in 20 patients with high levels of S-HGF(250pg/ml), 3 patients(15%) had benign SPNs and 17 patients(85%) had malignant SPNs. Further observation was made, among the 20 patients, there were 16 patien ts with high levels of S-HGF(400pg/ml), 1 patients(6.25%) had benign SPNs and 15 patients(93.75%) had malignant SPNs. It reveals that an elevated S-HGF level 250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant and if S-HGF level 400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected.Ujiie et al11 had proved that the levels of HGF in serum could be useful prognostic indicators of the survival of patients with stage III NSCLC undergoing surgery and chemotherapy. Kasahara et al12 had shown that higher HGF levels were significantly associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of S-HGF could be a sensitive indicator and an independent judgement standard for evaluating the therapeutic effects and the prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Furthermore, understanding the role of HGF in the tumor progression may help in designing new therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.In co nclusion, the assay for S-HGF may be of some significance in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs). The S-HGF levels of malignant SPNs group were significantly higher than those of healthy control group(P0.05). The differences between benign SPNs group and healthy control group had no statistically significant(P0.05). An elevated S-HGF level 250pg/ml in patients with SPNs are more likely to be malignant, surgical therapy should be suggested. If S-HGF level 400pg/ml, malignant SPNs are highly suspected, active surgical intervention should be taken.References1.Hansell, D.M., et al., Fleischner Society glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology, 2008. 246(3) p. 697-72213.2.Klein, J.S. and M.A. Zarka, Transthoracic needle biopsy an overview. J Thorac Imaging, 1997. 12(4) p. 232-49.3.Siegel, R., D. Naishadham, and A. Jemal, Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 2012. 62(1) p. 10-29.4.Cao, C., et al., A meta-analysis of unmatched an d matched patients comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and conventional disperse lobectomy. Ann Cardiothorac Surg,2012. 1(1) p. 16-23.5.Zhan, P., Q. Qian, and L.K. Yu, Prognostic value of COX-2 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis, 2013. 5(1) p. 40-7.6.Tong, X., et al., Clinical experience of the treatment of solitary pulmonary nodules with da vinci surgical system. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi, 2014. 17(7) p. 541-4.7.Aberle, D.R., et al., Results of the two incidence screenings in the National Lung Screening Trial. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(10) p. 920-31.8.Dalli, A., et al., Diagnostic value of PET/CT in differentiating benign from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules. J BUON, 2013. 18(4) p. 935-41.9.Wahidi, M.M., et al., Evidence for the treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest, 2007. 132(3 Suppl) p. 94S-107S. 10.Schwarz, C., et al., Value of flexible bronchoscopy in the pre-operative work-up of solitary pulmonary nodules. Eur Respir J, 2012. 41(1) p. 177-82.11.Ma, D.C., et al., Hepatocyte growth factor did not enhance the effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on cardiac repair in a porcine acute myocardial infarction model. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, 2006. 34(2) p. 119-22.12.Takigawa, N., et al., Serum hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor levels in small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer, 1997. 17(2-3) p. 211-8.13.Ujiie, H., et al., Serum hepatocyte growth f

Differences Between Strict And Absolute Criminal Liability Law Essay

Differences Between Strict And Absolute Criminal Liability honor EssayIn general, the distressing liability requires the proof of both actus reus and mens rea to begin with convicting a person. When the necessity for the prosecution to prove mens rea (in the sense of endeavorion, knowledge or recklessness, or even negligence) viewing the actus reus elements of the discourtesy is disregarded, either expressly or impliedly, the offence in hesitation is described as austere or absolute liability offence.What is the feature (if either) between absolute and strict liability offences? Give examples of each.First, it determines what the prosecution must prove.Strict liability offences do not require proof of mens rea in compliments of at least wiz element of the actus reus, usu bothy the essential one. However, proof of mens rea may be required for some of the elements of the actus reus. Absolute liability offences do not require proof of any mens rea element, but ar satisfied by proof of the actus reus alone.Second, the distinction raft be seen by examining the issue of causationIn strict liability, the prosecution is required to prove the causation of the actus reus and the offence. In Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd v National Rivers Authority 1998 HL, the lordship said that, While liability for urine pollution is strict and therefore includes liability for certain deliberate acts of third parties it is not an absolute liability in the sense that all that has to be shown is that the polluting matter flee from the suspects land, irrespective of how this happened. It must still be possible to say that the defendant caused the pollution.In absolute liability, however, a crime may not require any causation link at all, if the specified state of affairs exists. In Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent (1983), the defendant was removed from a hospital by police and was then arrested and found guilty of being drunk on the highway, even though the police off icers had put him there. The motor lodge held that it was enough to show that D had been present on the highway and was perceived to be drunk. It didnt matter that his presence on the highway was momentary and involuntary.Third, it determines what defences are available to the defendantMany pedantic papers differentiate strict and absolute liability offences by the availability of the defence of mistaken yet honest belief, a common law defence. Where they are available liability is strict, where it is not available liability is absolute.The situation is made complex in case where defence are provided in the statue for the defendant to grapple liability. If common law defence is held by court to be excluded from the offence, does the provision of statutory defence disqualify the offence to be an absolute one? Or that it is the nature of the offence that automatically categorized the offence as absolute liability?In the case HKSAR and SO WAI LUN, the court of appeal has the opportu nity to vista into the case B (A Minor) v DPP, and made the following observation.Section 5 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 made it an offence for a person to have abominable sexual intercourse with a girl under 13 while section 6 made it an offence in relation to girls under 16. infra section 6, a defence was expressly set out where the defendant, provided he was under the age of 24, believed the girl to be 16 or over As to the effect of these two offences, Lord Steyn said at 469A B that since section 5 contained no such defence, it plainly created an offence of absolute liability. So the court is suggesting that unlawful underage sexual intercourse, a traditional well-known example of absolute liability, will not be considered as absolute liability per se in the present of statutory defence in the provision. This observation is reaffirmed in the recent case Hin Lin Yee v HKSAR by Judge Chan PJ in para. 198 (ii) and (iii).In new(prenominal) jurisdiction like Australia, the dist inction of strict and absolute liability is even blurred by the fact that common law defence like durance and self defence can be available for absolute liability.How does one determine if an offence is one of strict or absolute liability?The question of whether a statutory offence requires proof of mens rea or is strict liability is treated as a matter of statutory construction, the statutory provision enacting the offence must be construed to determine the legislative intention. In Gammon (Hong Kong) LTD v A-G of Hong Kong 1985 PC, the lordship has summarized the approach to the interpretationThere is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be held guilty of a criminal offence.The presumption is particularly strong where the offences is truly criminal in character.Truly criminal offence usually refers those dealing with violence against persons or property. The presumption is particularly strong because of the stigma attached to the offence.The presumpt ion applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced just now if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute.Sometimes the offence will expressly specify the type or level of psychic fault by using words such as willfully, recklessly, carelessly, etc. In such cases, the court must then go on to posit the precise meaning of those mens rea words.Where a statute is silent as to the mens rea for an offence, the courts must decide as a matter of general principle or statutory interpretation what level or type of mens rea applies.The only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern, and universal safety is such as issue.Strict liability has often been imposed in regulatory offences concerning social concern and public safety, such as licensing, pollution, health and safety, driving offences, environmental offences, public health offences.Even where a statute is concerned with such a n issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can in like manner be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging great vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited act.In Lim bring up Aik v R, the defendant had been convicted under the immigration laws of Singapore by remaining there (after entry) when he had been prohibited of entering. The aim of the law was to prevent illegal immigration. The defendant had no knowledge of the prohibition order and there was no evidence that the authorities had attempted to bring the prohibition order to his notice. Since there was nothing D could have done to determine whether a order had been made against him and thus ensure compliance with the relevant legislation, the Privy Council ordered that the offence was not one of strict liability because it did nothing to promote enforcement of the law.What policies are behind the creation of absolute and strict l iability?It is said that the imposition of strict liability encourages greater observance of and compliance with law, and this is particularly important where matters of public safety, public health and public welfare are concerned. High standards can be achieved and maintained only if those conducting activities involving risks to safety, health, the environment and so on are made to feel that it is not enough just to take reasonable care they must take all possible care. Secondly, it is said that strict liability, by relieving the prosecution of the task of investigating and proving mens rea against an alleged offender, enhances the efficiency of our administrative and judicial systems.In HIN LIN YEE ANOR v HKSAR, Ribeiro PJ pointed out a reason in particular why absolute liability should be created. Absolute liability can impose duty on a person (which may be a corporate body) where the conduct or task which is the subject of the duty is in practice likely to be carried out by s omeone else, such as an employee or a contractor. It makes it insufficient for the employer passively to assert an honest and reasonable belief. It promotes proactive management and diligent supervision on his part to see that the duty is in fact being properly discharged.How do the concepts of absolute and strict liability assist or hinder the Prosecution, the incriminate and the Court in a criminal trial?The concept assists the prosecution in a criminal trial since it relieves the prosecutor of the virtual impossibility of proving intent or knowledge of the wrongful conduct, particularly where the defendant was a company rather than an individual. No significant hindrance is observed for prosecution in regard to the application of concept.The concept assists the accused in a criminal trial since strict liability draw a clear line between lawfulness and illegality, which may reduce the information cost for the general public to determine whether he is guilty or not. Unnecessary l egal fee may also be saved in this regard.On the other hand, the concept hinders the accused in a criminal trial since it impose liability on pack who have taken all possible steps to prevent the offence being committed and should not be blameworthy. The onus of proof is also change to the defendant side.The concept assists the court in a criminal trial since it allows the court to strike down the many bogus defense that would otherwise espouse if excusable ignorance or mistake were always accepted as defense.On the other hand, the concept hinders the court in a criminal trial since the courts bespeak to engage in time consuming debates about whether the legislature intended strict or absolute liability to apply. The difficulties in identifying strict liability offences can be seen from the inconsistent attitude and decisions. Also, the court need to justify the creation of strict liability does not per see contravene with the Bill of Rights. SO WAI LUN v HKSAR 2006 HKCU 1195

Proposal for Reality Show

Proposal for humans ShowMelody gearLogline Thirty aboveboard Australians battle for a chance to get a arrangement deal with one of the worlds leading music production houses, Sony music.PitchGenre realityTarget sense of hearing teens/adults/familyThirty adults atomic number 18 picked from the holy country through auditions. The adults ar picked based on their competition to sing and perform to a live audition. Three professional musicians from different genres proceed oer the auditions. All Australian citizens ar effrontery a fmelodic phrase to chance to participate in the study. The auditions take place for a period of three months countrywide.The initial number of contestants is one thousand two hundred. These people qualified for the first auditions. They are further subjected to more auditions to reduce the number of participants to six hundred contents. The puzzle out continuous until the number of participants is down to cardinal participants. The address of auditi oning is long enough to totallyow the audience to identify themselves with the participant before the main auditioning starts.The closing participants are trained for a period of three weeks before the competition is now aired on Australian broadcasting corporation. The training helps the participants of the competition who entrust be the characters in the reality award to know how to act in public. The public is involved in the procedure of selecting the contestants that remain in the house.The thirty contestants are accordingly put in a house that testament be their home for the next couple of months. They are returnd with all requirements that they impart adopt during the reality figure. The thirty contestants are trained on weekdays on various music aspects that help them to compete during the weekends. All the contestants perform a music that is chosen by their musical comedy directors. They perform the song on Saturdays to a live audience. The best performers on Sa turdays go back to the house while the poor performers are put on probation.The contestants that are put on probation are expected to perform the following week on Saturday. Four contestants are put on probation simultaneously. They are given a second chance to perform and impress the judges. After their performance, one of the contestants on probation loses their position and is evicted from the house.The fellow contestants collect the privilege of saving one of the contestants that are put on probation. The judges save one contestant and the public saves one more contestant. The contestant left out is evicted from the house.The show go forth air two times in a week for a period forty-five minutes each. The reality show leave alone be hosted by a famous celebrity and leave alone be cohosted by an new(prenominal) celebrity of the opposite sex. This aspect is expected to attract the attention of both sexes unlike the programs that are only regard ased by one of the sexes.The sh ow pull up stakes attract teenagers, adults and the whole family at heavy(a). The audience will ease up the option of choosing which participant remains in the competition .the audience will decide who will eventually win the competition.To Australian picture internetFrom media commentatorDate 27 February 2014Subject class pitch proposalIntroductionTelevision industry is a very significant industry to the economy and to the public(Allen Hill, 2004). For instance, candidates for public office use money to fix and air boob tube commercials, which in turn build name recognition, promote their issues, and attack their opponents. Television advertising in this environment influences the agenda-setting, learning and voting phases of option campaigns. The commercials of other products such(prenominal) as detergents, household equipment and institutions among other products and services normally utilize the same strategies.The telly industry is today an instrument for imposing ideologies on the population it serves. Television influences behaviour through the symbols and messages they broadcast. A single thirty-minuteprogram can take months to produce, starting with research into the target audience and what excites or attracts their attention. Every kitchen stove and every word is carefully chosen to achieve the best representation of the product and the get the viewers interest(Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2000).Television programsare the art and intuition of impact. Program producers al directions aim at ensuring that their target audience do not critically think about their programs. They want the message to slip in underneath the radar of critical judgment to achieve the greatest results (Jacka Dolin, 2007). Therefore, advertisers will always mould use of emotional messages and images. They also take advantage of the originators unconscious processing.Scriptwriters have learnt that there are highly effective techniques they can use with great skill to motivate the audience to alter the way they feel about the programs being aired. If they are successful, the audience will without being aware that they have been influenced, change the way they behave. This process is blind but the manipulators of the process are not. The most effective video programs create an emotional state.Television programs geared towards specific target audience is often visual, interactive, employs catchy slogans, uses celebrities to pitch the products, and is simple yet effective in its language(Holmes Jermyn, 2004). Televised viewing disclosures are supposedly designed to supply consumers with important information for decision-making. Television has the power to persuade since it has features that call forth to our senses. This appeal comes from sound, movement, vision and colour thereby attracting the eye. Television also has a psychological, sociological and visual impact on the young.Due to the above reasons, goggle box industry is a very significant voice of the Australian dodging. It allows the manu particularures of goods to display their products to the public. Television industry lubricates productivity by ensuring that buyers meet sellers. In addition, telly viewing maintains the culture of a society through the airing of cultural programs. The cultural programs contain values that are embraced by the people in the society.The television network in Australia currently comprises of programs that have huge followings by one of the sexes. The programs have either a huge male following or a huge male following. The resulting outcome is that none of the programs has a huge following from the entire Australian population. The industry has therefore no much influence on the citizens of the country.Problem statementThe Australian television network is facing affixd competition from online digital sources. Technology allows people to stream television networks that are offered in other countries(Skeggs Wood , 2012). Aussies are constantly comprehend television programs that are produced in Hollywood. For instance, several(prenominal) online sack uppage traffic watchers in 2014 indicated that the most watched television program was game of thrones. The program is an epic television program that is genuine in Hollywood in the United States.The most watched comedy was reported to be modern family, a program that is also a Hollywood production.The television industry in Australia therefore needs to introduce a new program in their major television network(Turner, 2005). This practice will en fitted the television network to get more viewers and overcome the international competition.The television network has the advantage of having local actors that they can use in their production. The audience will identify themselves with the local actors.However, the television network will need to come up with an interesting program that will embraced by the entire Aussies population.Reality show plectronThere has been an increasing interest in reality television shows globally. The genre has the ability of attracting a huge audience. The audience is emotionally attached to the characters of their choice that are in the reality shows(Deaville, 2011).The most interesting fact about reality television shows is the fact that nobody knows the final winner. Both the audience and the producers of the show do not know who is going to be the final winner of the competition. This is because the audience through a valid online voting scheme that is vetted by blanket statistical organizations determines the final winners(Murray Ouellette, 2004).Furthermore, the contestants are exposed to a range of circumstances to find out how they handle different issues that may arise(Kraidy Sender, 2011). The subsequent interesting fact that sets reality shows above other genres in television programs is the love relationships that are developed by the contestants while they are in the house. T he audience is intensively attracted to such relationships and therefore increases their viewing of the program(In Slade, In Narro, In Buchanan, 2014).After the production of the show, people will watch the program for different reasons. True fans of music will watch melody gear because they have a passion of music and hence want to see a good competition between the contesters(Kopp Dawson, 2013). A section of the audience will be attracted to the drama that takes place in the house. For instance, several competitors may develop a serious competition between them and the audience will be attracted to the actions that these contestants will take while they are in the house.Competitive Edge of Melody GearSince the online streaming requires the services of an profits service producer, the internet service providers in Australia should come up with policies where streaming melody gear will be charged at a very cheaper rate that will allow the people to stream the show at a cheaper ra te than the international content. The Australian television network should also approach a programing developer that will come up with an application that will enable the people to stream from their internet enabled twirls and not just the conventional desktop computers. The Australian television network should use the following concepts to get a competitive edge against the international online digital streaming content.Currently, the audience can only give their feedback via computers. However, absolute majority of the customers use internet-enabled devices such as smartphones and tablets often than they use computers. There is hence need to develop a vigorous application that will enable the audience to watch melody gear from their Internet enabled devices. The proposed mobile application will provide real time processing services. These services will enable several audiences to interact with the system at the same time and get all their feedbacks on claims quickly (Raasch, 2012). The system will employ distributed processing capabilities. These capabilities will make customers interact with the system in such a way that they will think the system is on their computer. They will not be aware that the system is distributed a concept that means other audiences are also openinging the systemThe new mobile application will require the Australian television network to adjust its sacksite design. This is mainly because the mobile application requires that the website being accessed be responsive so that the customers can get all the programs on the website. Failure to adjust the process would increase the chances of failure of the new program proposed Cochran. (2006). A good responsive design allows the television network to gauge and change centered on the device it is seen from without creating separate sites. Content focused site is the second aspect that will be considered during design of the mobile application. There is a strong positive community b etween a superior focus on content and the upsurge use of receptive websites. The site will provide a good web experience for customers.The third trend is increasing custom typography. The typography has been a trend over the past years. It places emphasis of type in mobile web design. Fourthly, a simple straight design should be used. The design tends to use fewer colors and avoids textures, gradients, and shadows. As the web becomes responsive companies should opt for simple designs with flat design elements. Single page scrolling sites is the fifth trend. This trend allows visitors to find everything that they are looking for in the same page. The sixth trend is video usage. The Australian television network should increase the broadband internet speeds and use novel web technologies like HTML5 video. These two practices will increase online video usage. The audience will have the option to send and view television episodes to their friends that do not have internet access.A lar ger layout, photography, video material, and designs will be available on the mobile application. This trend will help the Australian utilize screen real estate on large screens and escalate usability on lesser displays. The final trend is scalable vector graphics and other vector images. The company needs images that are large enough to look good on large displays. This aspect should however not increase the load times for visitors accessing the site on a mobile device. Vector images however do not provide scalability of photographs. Future designs of vector images are expected to allow the vector images to provide for scalability of photographs (McWherter, 2012).The websites act as a platform for the television network to meet the audience directly. Therefore, the mobile application has to provide a favorable platform for the feedback to take place. A good web design of Australian television network will attract more audience and therefore increase the revenue of the business (Fli ng, 2009). The fact that the audience can give their feedback and get prompt responses from the website will increase customer satisfaction. The customers will find the process to be convenient and timesaving and will, therefore, choose to watch the program through the mobile application developed and interact with other viewers on the contents of the show.The mobile application would enable faster transfer of information between the audience and the television network. Customers would make their claims, and they would be able to get feedback quicker than the current system. The processes that will be available on the mobile application are not limited. Customers would be able to access all the services with huge convenience that would translate to a high customer satisfaction level.After adjusting the Australiantelevision network website, the mobile application would now have higher chances of success and hence melody gear will be accessible easily. The mobile application process would follow the stages of system development. All the current inefficiencies will be identified. This process can be achieved by interviewing the audience (Neighbor, Ramsay, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC-TV (Australia), 2002). The new system requirements are defined. The proposed system is then configured to integrate all the specified requirements. The system is then developed and tested in pilot phases. The pilot phases are significant since it allows the television network to return to the prior system in the event of failure of the new structure. Once the mobile application is up and running, it should be maintained regularly and exhaustively evaluated (McLean-Conner, 2006).AudienceThe program will attract teenagers, adults and the whole family. The program will be aired at eight in the evening. It will be a rated parental steerage and therefore can be viewed by the whole family(Ouellette, 2013). This aspect will enable the program to attract a huge audience. How ever, the program would also be aired late in the night at eleven. The content aired at the time would include the love relationships and other adult themes. This move will be to attract the adults while maintaining the standards of television viewing. Majority of the children are often sound asleep at the time and would therefore not have access to this adult version of the program.ChallengesReality television requires a lot partnership with several stakeholders to guarantee success. The Australian television network will therefore need to come with favorable policies while developing the program to ensure its success. The reality show also costs more than other genres hence a ample amount of funds and time would be required. Adjusting the website to allow users to stream efficiently from smartphones is time consuming.RecommendationsThe simultaneous adoption of the program pitch and the adjustment of the Australian television network will guarantee the success of melody gear. The program would win back the audience from the international content. The Australiannetwork should collaborate with IINET to reduce the internet charges required in streaming melody gear and other local content. IINET is one of the leading internet providers in Australia. The partnership between the two organizations will reduce the charges that Aussies will incur while streaming melody gear. This trend will increase the viewers for the program and hence the network would achieve its intended purpose of engaging back the audience from online digital streaming competitors.ReferencesAllen,R.C., Hill,A. (2004). The television studies reader. London Routledge.Australian Broadcasting Corporation. (2000). National Broadband Network. Ultimo, N.S.W Author.Brian Fling. (2009). Mobile Design and Development Practical concepts and techniques for creating mobile sites and web apps. OReilly Media, Inc.Craig Cochran. (2006). Becoming a Customer-focused Organization. Paton Professional.Deaville,J. A. (2011). Music in television Channels of listening. New York Routledge.Holmes,S., Jermyn,D. (2004). Understanding reality television. London Routledge.In Slade,A., In Narro,A.J., In Buchanan,B.P. (2014). Reality television Oddities of culture.Jacka,L., Dolin,T. (2007). Australian television history. Perth, W.A Network Books.Jeff McWherter. (2012). Professional Mobile Application Development. John Wiley Sons.Jon Raasch. (2012). Smashing Mobile Web Development. John Wiley Sons.Kopp,M., Dawson,M. (2013). Reality television. Minneapolis, MN bone marrow Library.Kraidy,M.M., Sender,K. (2011). The politics of reality television Global perspectives. London Routledge.Murray,S., Ouellette,L. (2004). Reality TV Remaking television culture. New York New York University Press.Neighbour,S., Ramsay,M., Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC-TV (Australia). (2002). The network.Nigel Hill., Greg Roche, Rachel Allen. (2007). Customer ecstasy The Customer Experience through the Customers Eyes. The Leadership Factor.Ouellette,L. (2013). A companion to reality television.Penni McLean-Conner. (2006). Customer dish out Utility Style Proven Strategies for Improving Customer Service and Reducing Customer Care Costs. PennWell Books.Sender,K. (2012). The makeover Reality television and reflexive audiences. New York New York University Press.Skeggs,B., Wood,H. (2012). Reality television and class. London Palgrave Macmillan.Turner,G. (2005). Ending the affair The decline of television current affairs in Australia. Sydney, NSW UNSW Press.

The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Atomic Theory     The five atomic theorys of the past 2 centuries represent the suddenadvancement of science in modern times. Begining with a basic theory on thebehavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been do, andsome ideas are still the aforementioned(prenominal). Ancient Greek philosophers belived thateverything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then thetheory of atoms did not progress untill 1803.     John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter basedon atoms. Daltons atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated     "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisable andindestructable particles.     2. All atoms of the same element are hardly alike in particular, theyhave the same mass.     3. Atoms of different elements are different in particular, they havedifferent masses.&nb sp    4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or moreelements." 1     All of Daltons ideas account for the laws of definate and multipleproportions and the law of conservation of mass. Some of Daltons points arestill thought to be true, but everywhere time this origional theory has been modifyed. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discoveredthe electron. Based on the work of William Crookes and his "Crookes tube"(Cathode-ray tube), Thomson discovered a negative charged particle was thecause of the light produced by the cathode-ray tube. He also discovered thatthese particles are present in all elements. These cathode-ray particles arenow known as electrons. Soon after the discovery of electrons the protonwas discovered. This led Thomson to conclude that ther were an equalnumber of both particles present in the atom.     Twelve years later Lord Ernest Rutherford was exper imenting withalpha particles. He shot a stream of them at a peice of gold foil surroundedby zinc-sulfide. When an alpha particle strikes ZnS it produces a flash oflight. The particles broadly stayed in a constant stream through the foil, but afew were deflected. This led Rutherford to belive that there must be a small,dense ball of protons in the middle of the atoms to deflect the smallnumber of particles.      Neils Bohr was the next physicist to advance the atomic theory. Heexplained what Rutherford could not about how the electron could stay in go around around the nucleus. When the electron has little energy it is closer to thenucleus, when it absorbs more energy it travels farther from the nucleus. There is a definate number of electrons that can be in the same orbit. Whenthe orbits closest to the nucleus are filled the atom is at a ground state.

Biography of Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on Jan. 19, 1809 to David Poe, Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Poe. He grew up to be an American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist, and whizz of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement (Edgar Allan Poe) and married Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe. Poe was influenced by many people such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, captain Byron, Ann Radcliffe, and Charles Dickens. He was involved in the Romanticism and Dark Romanticism literary movements and demonstrated a gothic style in the majority of his works. Gloomy tales of arcanum and death are what Poe was typically known for. Poe used the tone and the organization of his poems, as well as imagery, to make his poems unique and interesting.The tone of Poe?s poems is one of the major aspects people seem to remember about them. ?A Poe setting, atmosphere, or situation is instantly recognizable? (Minor). All of Poe?s poems demonstrate the dark and sadness tone that was so unique to his writing. ?The apparent tone in Edgar Allan Poe?s ?The Raven? seemingly represents a very painful condition of mind, an intellect subtile to madness and the abyss of tribulation brought upon by the death of a beloved lady? (Heimel). Poe starts off at the very beginning of this poem with a melancholy tone when he says, Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow, -- vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow-- sorrow for the lost Lenore-- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-- Nameless here for evermore.This tone causes the indorser to feel the pain and sadness that the man in the poem seems to be feeling due to losing his lover. Poe also demonstrates this tone in ?Annabel leeward?, especially at the end, when he talks about his bride that he will never see again.Poe consistently made his poems catchy and organized them in a way so that they would be distinct. He seemed to like to demonstrate internal rhythm and repetition in the majority of his poems. In Poe?s poem, ?Annabel Lee?, he repeats the name ?Annabel Lee? constantly throughout the poem. Also he uses internal rhyme throughout this poem.